Chapter 21 Test Review
Composers in the romantic movement
Abandoned well-defined structures and used a wide range of forms to evoke powerful emotions
What was one of Karl Marx's most important criticisms of the French utopian socialists?
Their utopian schemes were not realistic
Greater Germany
A liberal plan for German national unification that included the German-speaking parts of the Austrian Empire, put forth at the national parliament in 1848 but rejected by Austrian rulers.
Marxism
An influential political program based on the socialist ideas of German radical Karl Marx, which called for a working-class revolution to overthrow capitalist society and establish a Communist state.
In 1848, how did the Hungarian revolutionaries envision a future Hungary?
As a unified, centralized Hungarian nation
Why did Klemmons Von Metternich, an Austrian foreign minister, have to oppose the spread of nationalism in Europe?
Austria was a multiethnic empire, and the spread of nationalism among its different ethnic groups threatened to dissolve the empire
The allied powers at the Congress of Vienna were determined to
Avoid the creation of hostility and resentment in France
Romantics and early nationalists investigated folk songs, folk tales, and proverbs in order to
Find the unique greatness of every people in its folk culture
During the Prussian revolution in 1848, why did the alliance between middle-class liberals and workers dissolve?
Workers demanded a series of democratic and vaguely socialist reforms
What was the result of the "June Days" in France in 1848?
The triumph of the Republican army under General Louis Cavaignac, after street fighting and the death or injury of more than ten thousand people
What did Klemons Von Metternich and Alexander I proclaim at the Troppau Conference in 1820?
Their support for the principle of active intervention to maintain all autocratic regimes whenever threatened
What did the early French socialist thinkers find disturbing about the emerging industrial society?
They believed that industrial society fomented selfish individualism and split the community into isolated fragments
Read Primary Source 21:1
They provided that no publication appearing in the form of daily issues shall go to press without the approval of state officials
Read Primary Source 21:4
To Institute the Democratic government that France owes itself
In December 1825, some 3,000 army officers inspired by liberal ideas staged a protest against which new tsar?
Nicholas I
Many Europeans and Americans embraced the Greek Revolution because
Of a love of Greek classical culture
In 1830, an unsuccessful revolution failed to recreate the country of
Poland
What was the most important influence on the peaceful mid-century reforms in Great Britain?
Political competition between the aristocracy and the middle class
Socialism
A backlash against the emergence of individualism and the fragmentation of industrial society, and a move toward cooperation and a sense of community; the key ideas were economic planning, greater social equality, and state regulation of property.
The romantic movement was characterized by
A belief in emotional exuberance and unrestrained imagination
In their war of independence against the Ottoman Empire, the Greeks ultimately won the support of
Great Britain, France, and Russia
How did Charles C of France seek to rally political support for himself in 1830?
He invaded Algeria and established it as a French territory
What was the driving force in history according to Marx in the nineteenth century?
The economic relationship between classes
Nationalism
The idea that each people had its own genius and specific identity that manifested itself especially in a common language and history, and often led to the desire for an independent political state.
Proletariat
The industrial working class, who, according to Marx, were unfairly exploited by the profit-seeking bourgeoise.
Bourgeoisie
The middle class minority who owned the means of production, and, according to Mars, exploited the working-class proletariat.
Great Famine
The result of four years of potato crop failure in the late 1840s in Ireland, a country that had grown dependent on potatoes as a dietary staple.
What reform did France's Second Republic Institute in 1848?
The right to vote for all adult men
Karlsbad Decrees
Issued in 1819, these decrees were designed to uphold Metternich's conservatism, requiring the German states to root out subversive ideas and squelch any liberal organizations.
Laissez-faire
A doctrine of economic liberalism that calls for unrestricted private enterprise and no government interference in the economy.
Reform Bill of 1832
A major British political reform that increased the number of male voters by about 50 percent and gave political representation to new industrial areas.
Congress of Vienna
A meeting of the Quadruple Alliance - Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Great Britain - restoration France, and smaller European states to fashion a general peace settlement that began after the defeat of Napoleon's France in 1814.
Holy Alliance
An alliance formed by the conservative rulers of Austria, Prussia, and Russia in September 1815 that became a symbol of the repression of liberal and revolutionary movements all over Europe.
Romanticism
An artistic movement at its height from about 1790 to the 1840s that was in part of a revolt against the classicism and te Enlightenment, characterized by a belief in emotional exuberance, unrestrained imagination, and spontaneity in both art and personal life.
Corn Laws
British laws governing the import and export of grain, which were revised in 1815 to prohibit the importation of foreign grain unless the price at home rose to improbable levels, thus benefiting the aristocracy but making food prices high for working people.
The Karlsbad Decrees of 1819
Defined an idea of German nationalism built around a common language, culture, and set of values.
Why was the Frankfurt Parliament in 1849 unable to create a "Greater Germany"?
Determined to maintain its empire, Austria would not agree to a Greater Germany that separated German-speaking lands from non-German territories in the empire
In the nineteenth century, what did Eugène Delacroix's work typically feature?
Dramatic, colorful scenes
In 1848, what reform did the French government refuse that created a sense of class injustice?
Electoral Reform
In the nineteenth century, how did Ireland's population grow despite extreme poverty
Extensive cultivation of the humble potato
The British Corn Laws of 1815 were enacted with the goal of
Forbidding the importation of foreign grain unless prices in Britain reached very high // levels, selfishly benefiting the aristocratic landowners in Britain
In Great Britain, the Great Reform Bill of 1832
Gave greater representation to the new, industrial areas of the nation
Germaine de Staël urged the French to throw away worn-out classical models and extolled the spontaneity and enthusiasm of the writer and thinkers of
Germany
How did the French provisional government respond to the worsening depression and rising unemployment in 1848?
It established national workshops to provide employment in public works projects
What was the effect of France's Constitutional Charter in the post-Napoleonic period?
It secured most of the gains made by the middle class and the peasantry during the French Revolution and permitted intellectual and artistic freedom
The Quadruple Alliance, the Nations that defeated Napoleon, included
Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Great Britain
The romantic poet William Wordsworth conceived of poetry as the
Spontaneous overflow of powerful feeling recollected in tranquility
Which social groups comprised the revolutionary alliance during the revolutions of 1848 in Central Europe?
Students and urban workers
In 1849, the revolution in Hungary was brought under control with the help of 130,000 troops sent by
The Russian Empire
Charles Fourier, a utopian socialist, envisioned mathematically precise communities called "phalanxes" and also urged
The abolition of marriage, free unions based only on love, and sexual freedom
Battle of Peterloo
The army's violent suppression of a protest that took place at Saint Peter's Fields in Manchester in reaction to the revision of the Corn Laws.
Liberalism
The principal ideas of this movement were equality and liberty; liberals demanded representative government and equality before the law as well as individual freedoms such as freedom of the press, freedom of speech, freedom of assembly, freedom of worship, and freedom from arbitrary arrest.
The Chartist movement in Britain in the 1830s and 1840s demanded
Universal male suffrage
Read Primary Source 21:3
Wars shall cease in all Christendom
At the Congress of Vienna, the victorious allies
Were guided by the principle of the balance of power
Victor Hugo's political evolution was exactly the opposite of Wordsworth's whose
Youthful radicalism gave way to middle-aged caution
According to the doctrine of Laissez-fairs, the government should intervene in
the economy as little as possible