Chapter 22

Combination Acts (1799)

Parliament had ended early attempts by workers to organize rudimentary labor unions under the inspiration of the French Revolution.

Thomas Malthus

an English economist who argued that increases in population would outgrow increases in the means of subsistence (1766-1834)

economic nationalism

is a term used to describe policies which emphasize on domestic control of the economy, labor and capital formation, even if this requires the imposition of tariffs and other restrictions on the movement of labor, goods and capital.

class-consiousness

the awareness of belonging to a particular socioeconmic group whose interests are different from those of others

limited liability

A form of business ownership in which the owners are liable only up to the amount of their individual investments.

Robert Owen

(1771-1858) British cotton manufacturer believed that humans would reveal their true natural goodness if they lived in a cooperative environment. Tested his theories at New Lanark, Scotland and New Harmony, Indiana, but failed

Newcomen steam engine

(Steam Engines) (whats the name of the engine) engine used by coal miners to remove water from mine shafts

water frame

1780's; Richard Arkwright; powered by horse or water; turned out yarn much faster than cottage spinning wheels, led to development of mechanized looms

national union

1866 - established by William Sylvis - wanted 8hr work days, banking reform, and an end to conviction labor - attempt to unite all laborers

James Watt

A Scottish engineer who created the steam engine that worked faster and more efficiently than earlier engines, this man continued improving the engine, inventing a new type of governor to control steam pressure and attaching a flywheel.

Zollverein (1834)

A free-trading union formed by all the major German states except Austria. The favorability of abolishing internal tariffs that impeded economic growth was realized by Prussian reformers following the Napoleonic wars.

Luddites

Any of a group of British workers who between 1811 and 1816 rioted and destroyed laborsaving textile machinery in the belief that such machinery would diminish employment.

coke blasting furnace

Coke is a fuel with few impurities and a high carbon content. It is the solid carbonaceous material derived from destructive distillation of low-ash, low-sulfur bituminous coal. Cokes from coal are grey, hard, and porous. While coke can be formed naturally, the commonly used form is man-made.

Friedrich List

German who wrote National System of Political Economy in 1841. Thought political economy as advocated in England was self-serving to England but that other economies need to build economies - infrastructures and cities to compete. Therefore they would need to erect tariff barriers to protect themselves from competition while getting started. Was inspired by H. Clay's American System in which he'd advocated a national system of political economy. List said there was no universal theory of economics which applies to all countries at all times.

domestic service

In reference to textile production, agents of urban textile merchants took wool or other unfinished fibers to peasants, who spun it into thread. The agent then took thread to other peasants, who spun it into the finished product. AKA, the putting-out system

"the dismal science"

In response to the generally bleak theorems prosed by the Manchester School, the science of economics gained this illustrious nickname

craft unions

Labor organizations whose members were skilled workers in a particular craft--for example, carpenters, masons, or cigar makers. The American Federation of Labor was composed of individual craft unions.

David Ricardo

Principles of Political Economy (1817); "iron law of wages": rise of population means rise of amount of workers, which cause wages to fall below the subsistence level, resulting in misery and starvation

Mines Act of 1842

Significant regulation in coal mines in Britain. Forbade employment underground of women and girls and boys under 10.

George Stephenson's "Rocket"

Stephenson's Rocket was an early steam locomotive of 0-2-2 wheel arrangement, built in 1829 at the Forth Street Works of Robert Stephenson and Company in Newcastle Upon Tyne. It was built for, and won, the Rainhill Trials held by the Liverpool & Manchester Railway in 1829 to choose the best design to power the railway. Though the Rocket was not the first steam locomotive, it was the first to bring together several innovations to produce the most advanced locomotive of its day. It is the most famous example of an evolving design of locomotives by Stephenson that became the template for most steam engines in the following 150 years.

tariffs

Taxes on imports or exports

Crystal Palace

The Crystal Palace was a cast-iron and plate-glass building originally erected in Hyde Park, London, England, to house the Great Exhibition of 1851. More than 14,000 exhibitors from around the world gathered in the Palace's 990,000 square feet (92,000 m2) of exhibition space to display examples of the latest technology developed in the Industrial Revolution. Designed by Joseph Paxton, the Great Exhibition building was 1,851 feet (564 m) long, with an interior height of 128 feet (39 m).[1] Because of the recent invention of the cast plate glass method in 1848, which allowed for large sheets of cheap but strong glass, it was at the time the largest amount of glass ever seen in a building and astonished visitors with its clear walls and ceilings that did not require interior lights, thus a "Crystal Palace". After the exhibition, the building was rebuilt in an enlarged form on Penge Common next to Sydenham Hill, an affluent South London suburb full of large villas. It stood there from 1854 until its destruction by fire in 1936. The name Crystal Palace (the satirical magazine Punch usually gets the credit for coining the phrase)[2] was later used to denote this area of south London and the park that surrounds the site, home of the Crystal Palace National Sports Centre. A re-working of the building, known as The Garden Palace, was constructed in Sydney in 1879, but this building too was destroyed by fire.

Great Exhibition

The Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of all Nations or The Great Exhibition, sometimes referred to as the Crystal Palace Exhibition in reference to the temporary structure in which it was held, was an international exhibition that took place in Hyde Park, London, from 1 May to 15 October 1851. It was the first in a series of World's Fair exhibitions of culture and industry that were to become a popular 19th-century feature. The Great Exhibition was organised by Henry Cole and Prince Albert, husband of the reigning monarch, Queen Victoria. It was attended by numerous notable figures of the time, including Charles Darwin, Samuel Colt, members of the Orléanist Royal Family and the writers Charlotte Brontë, Charles Dickens, Lewis Carroll, George Eliot and Alfred, Lord Tennyson.

Chartism

The movement of supporters of the People's Charter (drawn up in Britian in 1838), which sought to transform Britain into a democracy and demanded universal suffrage for men, vote by secret ballot, equal electoral districts, annual elections, and the elimination of property qualifications for and the payment of stipends to members of Parliament.

sexual division of labor

The patterned ways in which productive activities and tasks are assigned to women versus men in a culture.

Spinning Jenny

This machine played an important role in the mechanization of textile production. Like the spinning wheel, it may be operated by a treadle or by hand. But, unlike the spinning wheel, it can spin more than one yarn at a time. The idea for multiple-yarn spinning was conceived about 1764 by James Hargreaves, an English weaver. In 1770, he patented a machine that could spin 16 yarns at a time. (643, 727)

body linen

This underwear was an item that could only be afforded by the wealthy before the water frame and spinning jenny were invented. After these inventions were made, cotton became much less expensive and all classes could buy cotton clothing, anything from underwear to dresses and shirts.

Essay on the Principle (1798)

Written by Thomas Malthus, he suggested that the population must eventually outstrip the food supply. There was little hope of averting the disaster, except through late marriage, chastity, and contraception.

Credit Mobilier

a joint-stock company organized in 1863 and reorganized in 1867 to build the Union Pacific Railroad. It was involved in a scandal in 1872 in which high government officials were accused of accepting bribes.

factory

a plant consisting of buildings with facilities for manufacturing

de-industrialization

a process by which companies move industrial jobs to other regions with cheaper labor, leaving the newly de-industrialized region to switch to a service economy & work through a period of high unemployment

corportation

an organization created by law whose shareholders have limited legal and financial liability.

Friedrich Engels

another German communist who aided Marx in writing The Communist Manifesto; German social scientist, author, political theorist, philosopher, and father of communist theory, alongside Karl Marx.

poorhouses

emerged to provide work to the unemployed and conditions were often intenionally oppressive to persuade workers to leave the poorhouse and find work elsewhere

coal

fossil fuel consisting of carbonized vegetable matter deposited in the Carboniferous period

Factory Act of 1833

limited the factory workday for children between 9 and 13 to 8 hours and that of adolescents between 14 and 18 to 12 hours-made no effort to regulate hours of work for children at home or in small businesses-children under 9 were to be enrolled by schools to be established by factory owners-broke pattern of whole families working together in the factory because efficiency required standardized shifts for all workers

iron law of wages

proposed principle of economics that asserts that real wages always tend, in the long run, toward the minimum wage necessary to sustain the life of the worker.

protectionism

protecting domestic manufacturers from foreign competition by imposing tariffs and quotas on imported goods