Chapter 22 Content Review

Which of the following statements is true?

As alveolar volume increases, alveolar pressure (Palv) decreases.

What happens to the fluid that remains in the lungs after birth?

***NOT It is expelled shortly after birth

The serous membranes that surround the lungs are called the

***NOT peritoneal membranes

Total dead air space is anatomic dead space plus

***NOT the residual volume

Which of the following muscles increases the volume of the thorax during a normal inhalation? (1) diaphragm (2) external intercostals (3) internal intercostals (4) rectus abdominis

1, 2

If the total pressure of a mixture of gases was 760 mm Hg and its composition is 20% oxygen, 0.04% carbon dioxide, 75% nitrogen, and 5% water vapor, then the partial pressure of oxygen would be

152 mm Hg.

Arrange the following structures in the order air passes through them during inhalation: (1) alveolar ducts (2) alveolus (3) respiratory bronchiole (4) terminal bronchiole

4, 3, 1, 2

Which of the following statements concerning the lungs and the pleura is true?

A lubricant is secreted by the pleura

Whose law explains that an increase in volume causes a decrease in pressure?

Boyles Law

Which of the following occurs during the chloride shift?

Chloride is exchanged for bicarbonate.

A low partial pressure of oxygen promotes hemoglobin binding to carbon dioxide. This is an example of the ________.

Haldane effect

As acidity increases, how does this affect the affinity of hemoglobin for the oxygen it carries?

Oxyhemoglobin affinity decreases

When ventilation is not sufficient, which of the following occurs?

The capillary constricts.

Why is fetal hemoglobin very efficient at picking up oxygen?

The fetal oxygen-dissociation curve is to the left of the maternal oxygen-dissociation curve.

Which of the following statements concerning the dorsal and ventral respiratory groups is false?

They are located in the reticular activating system

What type of alveolar cells produce surfactant?

Type II pneumocytes

Which of the following statements concerning the larynx is correct?

When the glottis closes, air is prevented from leaving the lungs

For air to flow into or out of the lungs, there must be

a pressure gradient established between the atmosphere and the alveoli

Which of the following factors play a role in the oxygen

a. temperature b. BPG c. pH

Oxygen diffusion from the alveolus to the pulmonary capillary occurs because

alveolar PO2 is greater than capillary PO2.

The diagram illustrates the respiratory membrane. What layer is "B"?

alveolar epithelium

Gas exchange between the air in the lungs and the blood takes place in the

alveoli

Normally, the partial pressure of oxygen gas is higher in the

alveoli

Which of the following anatomical structures is not part of the conducting zone?

alveoli

The walls of the alveoli

are composed of simple squamous epithelium.

When do fetal breathing movements begin?

around week 20

The Haldane effect means that

as hemoglobin releases O2, the ability to pick up CO2 increases

In which of the following sequences does PO2 progressively decrease?

atmospheric air, blood in aorta, body tissues

The diagram illustrates the respiratory membrane. What layer is "D"?

basement membrane of capillary endothelium

The diagram illustrates the respiratory membrane. What layer is "C"?

basement of alveolar epithelium

From largest to smallest, the correct sequence for the following passageways is

bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveoli

Oxygenated blood is carried to the tissues of the lungs via the

bronchial arteries

A section of the lung that receives its own tertiary bronchus is called the ________.

bronchopulmonary segment

Carbon dioxide is more soluble in water than is oxygen. Which gas has the higher rate of diffusion?

carbon dioxide

The pontine respiratory neurons

control depth of inspiration and allow for relaxation.

The ring of cartilage that forms the base of the larynx is the

cricoid cartilage

Pulmonary edema will cause the rate of gas diffusion to

decrease

During inspiration, contraction of the diaphragm causes the volume of Mr. Jone's thoracic cavity to increase and the pleural pressure to decrease. The pressure in his alveoli (Palv) will

decrease below atmospheric pressure (PB), causing air to move into his lungs

The Bohr effect refers to the

effect of pH on the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve.

During swallowing, the opening into the larynx is covered by the

epiglottis

Which of the following stimulates the production of erythrocytes?

erythropoietin

The chloride shift refers to the

exchange of chloride ions for bicarbonate ions across the red blood cell membrane.

Which of the following is NOT a function of the pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium of the nasal cavity?

exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide

What is the volume of air that can be forcibly expired after expiration of the tidal volume?

expiratory reserve volume

Which of the following structures separates the lung into lobes?

fissure

What occurs at the respiratory membrane?

gas exchange between the air and blood takes place

Internal respiration refers to

gas exchange between the blood and body tissues.

External respiration refers to

gas exchange between the lungs and the blood.

During expiration, the alveolar pressure must be

greater than atmospheric pressure.

The trachea

has "C" shaped cartilages that form its anterior and lateral sides

Increased ventilation that results in an increase in blood pH is called ________.

hyperventilation

Most carbon dioxide is transported in the blood

in the form of bicarbonate ions.

What is the function of the conchae in the nasal cavity?

increase surface area

What is the function of the nasal conchae?

increases turbulence and surface area for cleaning, warming and moisturizing the air

Gas exchange that occurs at the level of the tissues is called ________.

internal respiration

What does "B" represent on the diagram?

larynx

What factors are responsible for the decrease in the volume of the alveoli?

lung recoil and surface tension of water

What does "E" represent on the diagram?

lungs

The chemosensitive area of the brain is located in the

medulla oblongata

When people aspirate liquids or food into their lungs, the liquid or food most commonly enters the right lung rather than the left lung. This is because the right primary bronchus is __________ than the left primary bronchus.

more vertical

Ventilation refers to the

movement of air into and out of the lungs

Whenever people cry, their nose runs. This is because the _____ drain tears into the nose.

nasolacrimal ducts

The auditory tubes open into the

nasopharynx

Which of the following factors keeps the alveoli expanded?

negative pleural pressure

What does "A" represent on the diagram?

pharynx

Which of the following is part of the upper respiratory tract?

pharynx

Mr. Huff and Puff exhales normally; then, using forced expiration, he exhales as much air as possible. The volume of air still remaining in his lungs is called

residual volume

Which of the following prevents the alveoli from collapsing?

residual volume

Gas flow decreases as ________ increases.

resistance

Constriction of smooth muscle in the bronchioles

restricts the flow of air into the lungs

The olfactory epithelium responsible for the sense of smell is located in the

roof of the nasal cavity

The diameter of bronchioles can change because their walls contain

smooth muscle.

The ventral respiratory group

stimulates the internal intercostal and abdominal muscles.

Which of the following structures is part of the bronchial tree?

terminal bronchioles

Which of the following is NOT a factor that influences the rate of gas diffusion through the respiratory membrane?

the temperature of the gases

When the inspiratory muscles contract,

thoracic volume increases.

The largest of the laryngeal cartilages is the

thyroid cartilage.

The pleura that surrounds the lungs consists of two layers, the ________.

visceral and parietal pleurae

The partial pressure of carbon dioxide is 45 mm Hg in the blood and 40 mm Hg in the alveoli. What happens to the carbon dioxide?

It diffuses into the alveoli

Which of the following statements regarding the lungs is correct?

The left lung contains two lobes while the right lung contains three lobes

Surfactant facilitates alveolar ventilation by

decreasing the surface tension between water molecules on the lining of the alveoli

If a baby is born prematurely before type II cells produce sufficient pulmonary surfactant, which of the following might you expect?

difficulty inflating the lungs

Oxyhemoglobin forms by a chemical reaction between which of the following?

hemoglobin and oxygen

Gas moves from an area of ________ partial pressure to an area of ________ partial pressure.

high; low

A protective function of the respiratory system would be

preventing microorganisms from entering the body

After hyperventilating for several minutes, a person may develop short periods of apnea because

the level of CO2 decreases below the level necessary to stimulate the inspiratory center

The volume of air inspired or expired with each breath is the

tidal volume

Of the following structures, the largest in diameter is the

trachea

What does "C" represent on the diagram?

trachea

Which of the following is NOT a process of respiration?

voice production

Which of the following functions is associated with the nose?

warming the air and producing mucus to trap debris from the air

Blood oxygen levels

within the normal PO2 range have little effect on regulation of respiration

Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged across the respiratory membrane by the process of

diffusion

As temperature increases, how would this affect the oxyhemoglobin-dissociation curve?

shift it to the right

Exercise can trigger symptoms of AMS due to which of the following?

small venous reserve of oxygen

What is the role of alveolar macrophages?

to remove pathogens and debris

The pressure difference between the intra-alveolar and intrapleural pressures is called ________.

transpulmonary pressure

Mr. Jones has a blood pH of 7.00 and a temperature of 100.5°F. His oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve would

shift to the right, causing more O2 to be released to his cells.

Oxygen is transported in the blood

dissolved in the plasma and bound to hemoglobin

When air passes through the glottis, which structures vibrate to produce sound?

vocal folds (cords)