Chapter 22

Railroad construction on the continent A) was much cheaper than it had been in Britain. B) featured varying degrees of government involvement. C) was generally the work of private entrepreneurs. D) generally followed the British pattern. E) was actually ahead of British railroad construction.

B) featured varying degrees of government involvement.

David Ricardo formulated the A) wage-price index. B) population-poverty index. C) theory of positive checks. D) principle of population. E) iron law of wages.

E) iron law of wages.

The key development that allowed continental banks to shed their earlier conservative nature was the A) industrialization of the continent. B) establishment of limited liability investment. C) replacement of the old managers with young, aggressive investment bankers. D) recruitment of bank deposits from the landed aristocracy. E) influx of British investment.

B) establishment of limited liability investment.

In The Condition of the Working Class in England, Friedrich Engels stated that A) the social problems in Britain were not a product of the Industrial Revolution. B) the British middle classes were guilty of "mass murder" and "wholesale robbery." C) in general, the living conditions of the working class were slowly improving. D) the class consciousness of the working class would lead to social revolution. E) the working class was itself responsible for most of the problems its members faced.

B) the British middle classes were guilty of "mass murder" and "wholesale robbery."

The Amalgamated Society of Engineers represented A) all factory workers. B) railway operators. C) skilled machinists. D) construction specialists. E) factory owners.

C) skilled machinists.

In the 1760s, Monday was popularly known as ___________ because so many workers took the day off. A) holi-day. B) Idle Monday C) Lazy Monday D) Saint Monday E) Rest Day

D) Saint Monday

Scholarly debate about the origins of the sexual division of labor during the Industrial Revolution revolves around A) arguments ascribing the division to ingrained patriarchal traditions versus those ascribing it to economic and biological factors. B) arguments ascribing the division to traditional religious mores versus those ascribing it to owners' desire to hire adult males. C) arguments ascribing the division to the Factory Act of 1833 versus those ascribing it to the Combinations Act of 1799. D) arguments ascribing the division to the return of soldiers to Britain at the end of the Napoleonic wars versus those ascribing it to women's desire to be at home rearing their children. E) arguments ascribing the division to early socialist ideas versus arguments ascribing it to traditional religious mores.

A) arguments ascribing the division to ingrained patriarchal traditions versus those ascribing it to economic and biological factors.

The Crystal Palace exhibition of 1851 commemorated the A) industrial dominance of Britain. B) half-century of labor reforms in Britain. C) creation of the German Zollverein. D) Battle of Waterloo. E) launching of the Great Eastern.

A) industrial dominance of Britain.

The trains of the 1830s traveled at about ________ miles per hour. A) sixteen B) twenty-two C) thirty-five D) fifty E) sixty

A) sixteen

The key demand of the Chartist movement was A) that all men have the right to vote. B) an eight hour workday and a minimum wage. C) a ban on women and children working in the factories. D) repeal of the Combination Acts. E) freedom of religion.

A) that all men have the right to vote.

The earliest steam engines were A) used to pump water out of coal mines. B) developed by James Watt. C) those used to propel locomotives. D) used as central power sources for the new factories. E) used to run mechanical spinning jennies.

A) used to pump water out of coal mines.

All of the following facilitated the Industrial Revolution in eighteenth-century Britain except A) the existence of extensive colonial markets for manufactured goods. B) extensive investment of foreign capital in Britain. C) the network of canals constructed from the 1770s. D) large deposits of iron and coal in England and Wales. E) a prosperous and efficient agriculture.

B) extensive investment of foreign capital in Britain.

Because working conditions were poor in early textile factories A) factory owners paid people well to work in them. B) factory owners turned to orphaned children as an important part of their workforce. C) factory owners turned to African slaves as an important part their workforce. D) factory owners turned to Irish immigrants as an important part their workforce. E) factory owners turned to peasant women as an important part their workforce.

B) factory owners turned to orphaned children as an important part of their workforce.

Scholarly statistical studies of the condition of members of the British working class indicate that A) their standard of living improved steadily from the beginning of industrialization. B) improvement did not come until the period after 1820. C) the standard of living for British workers deteriorated throughout the nineteenth century. D) only skilled workers enjoyed improvements in their standard of living. E) the Industrial Revolution made little difference in the living standards of the working class.

B) improvement did not come until the period after 1820

The Mines Act of 1842 A) prohibited underground work for women. B) prohibited underground work for women as well as boys under ten. C) prohibited underground work for boys under ten. D) prohibited underground work for boys under sixteen. E) established new safety rules for underground work.

B) prohibited underground work for women as well as boys under ten.

The tendency to hire family units in the early factories was A) originally a government-sponsored response to urbanization. B) usually a response to the wishes of the families. C) replaced by the system of pauper apprenticeship. D) outlawed by the Combination Acts. E) highly inefficient.

B) usually a response to the wishes of the families.

William Cockerill was A) the inventor of the spinning jenny. B) the chief financial backer of the first commercial railway in England. C) an English carpenter who built cotton-spinning equipment in Belgium. D) the prime minister of Britain who opposed the Factory Act of 1833. E) the British general at Waterloo.

C) an English carpenter who built cotton-spinning equipment in Belgium.

The Factory Act of 1833 A) outlawed employment of children under thirteen. B) limited the workday for children between six and nine to four hours a day. C) limited the workday for children between nine and thirteen to eight hours a day. D) limited the workday for children under sixteen to eight hours a day. E) established lower pay scales for children under sixteen.

C) limited the workday for children between nine and thirteen to eight hours a day.

British economist Thomas Malthus argued that A) population pressure would always force wages down to subsistence levels. B) using young children in factories was immoral. C) population always grew faster than the food supply. D) the standard of living was a reflection of industrial capacity. E) Methodism was a key factor in keeping the working class from revolting.

C) population pressure would always force wages down to subsistence levels.

The men who built the European railroads were typically A) slaves imported from Africa. B) army soldiers. C) rural laborers and peasants. D) urban factory workers. E) Slavs hired from eastern Europe.

C) rural laborers and peasants.

The first modern factories arose in the A) furnituremaking industry. B) steel industry. C) textile industry. D) railroad industry. E) chemical industry.

C) textile industry.

In the eighteenth century, a shortage of __________ held British industry back. A) coal B) water C) wood D) iron E) steel

C) wood

According to the text, the world's first important railroad, completed in 1830, ran between A) Baltimore and Washington, D.C. B) London and Edinburgh. C) Moscow and St. Petersburg. D) Liverpool and Manchester. E) Paris and Bordeaux.

D) Liverpool and Manchester.

The greatest change workers faced with the shift from cottage industry to factory work was A) lower wages. B) harder work. C) the destruction of family unit labor. D) a new tempo and discipline. E) repetitive work.

D) a new tempo and discipline

All of the following were consequences of revolutionary changes in the textile industry except A) cheaper cotton goods. B) a dramatic increase in weavers' wages. C) the movement of large numbers of agricultural workers into the industry. D) a reduction in child labor. E) easier access to yarn for handloom weavers.

D) a reduction in child labor.

Friedrich List was an early proponent of A) economic liberalism. B) working-class unions. C) factory regulation and reform. D) economic nationalism. E) state ownership of the economy.

D) economic nationalism.

The difficulties faced by the continental economies in their efforts to compete with the British included all of the following except the A) low prices of British mass-produced goods. B) complexity and expense of the new technology. C) resistance of landowning elites. D) scarcity of human capital. E) devastation left by the Napoleonic wars.

D) scarcity of human capital.

Richard Arkwright is best known for his invention of A) the flying shuttle. B) the first modern railroad engine. C) an improved steam engine. D) the water frame. E) the spinning jenny.

D) the water frame.

______________ managed to raise per capita industrial levels in the nineteenth century. A) Only Britain B) Only Britain, France, and Germany C) Only Britain, Germany, and Belgium D) Only Britain and Germany E) All European states

E) All European states

According to the table "Per Capita Levels of Industrialization," which countries were closest behind Britain in industrialization in the first half of the nineteenth century? A) Germany and the United States. B) France and the United States. C) Germany and Russia. D) France and Germany. E) Belgium and the United States.

E) Belgium and the United States.

Which of the following events occurred first? A) Watt invented modern steam engine. B) Combination Acts passed. C) Mines Act passed. D) Great exposition held at Crystal Palace. E) Malthus published Essay on the Principle of Population.

A) Watt invented modern steam engine.

Early textile factories in Britain worked with A) cotton. B) flax. C) silk. D) hemp. E) wool.

A) cotton

By reducing the cost of overland freight, the railroad A) created national markets. B) reduced the volume of world trade. C) strengthened regional economies. D) strengthened rural cottage industry. E) drove the British merchant marine out of business.

A) created national markets.

Most early industrialists drew on ____________ for labor and capital. A) family and friends B) national banks C) government loans D) the investing public E) government investment

A) family and friends

James Watt solved the inefficiency problems of early steam engines by A) increasing the size of the engines. B) adding a separate condenser. C) using a better grade of coal for fuel. D) using accurate, precision parts. E) uniting the combustion chamber with the piston cylinder.

B) adding a separate condenser.

The law which outlawed labor unions and strikes in Britain was the A) Factory Act of 1833. B) Mines Act of 1842. C) Coercive Acts of 1766. D) Combination Acts of 1799. E) Reform Law of 1848.

D) COmbination Acts of 1799

The major breakthrough in energy and power supplies that catalyzed the Industrial Revolution was A) Thomas Newcomen's 1705 steam engine. B) The development of the internal combustion engine. C) The use of running water to power cotton-spinning machinery. D) James Watt's steam engine, developed and marketed between the 1760s and the 1780s. E) Sir Isaac Newton's discovery of the law of action and reaction.

D) James Watt's steam engine, developed and marketed between the 1760s and the 1780s.