soc ch1-4

Erving Goffman theorized social life as a kind of con game in which we work to control the impressions others have of us. What did Goffman call this process?

Impression management

Josie wore a pair of short shorts to school. This was against the rules and violated school norms. Because this was the third time that she had broken the same rule, the principal gave her a detention. The principle's action was a means of enforcing norms through

negative sanction.

A monetary fine, harsh words, and shaking one's fist are examples of:

negative sanctions.

A paradigm shift is a major break in the assumptions that are used to understand the world. For social scientists, what causes a paradigm shift?

new data forcing a new way of looking at the world

On any given day, within ten minutes of waking up, you probably depend on more than 100 strangers to provide electricity, water, natural gas, weather forecasts, and other services. According to Durkheim, this interdependence gives rise to:

organic solidarity

What do sociologists call it when cultures that were once distinct become increasingly similar?

Cultural leveling

What is the definition of "culture"?

Culture is the entire way of life of a group of people, and it acts as a lens through which we view the world.

What is the sociological term for signs people make with their bodies?

Gestures

What did Max Weber mean when he said that modern people are trapped in an "iron cage"?

Most aspects of life are increasingly controlled by rigid rules and rationalization.

Which term describes a policy of honoring diverse racial, ethnic, religious, linguistic, and national backgrounds?

Multiculturalism

In The Elementary Forms of Religious Life, Émile Durkheim argued that religion was a powerful source of social solidarity. Why?

Religion reinforced collective bonds and cultivated shared moral values.

Which of the following is a DISADVANTAGE of using existing sources of data for research?

Researchers often seek answers to questions the data does not directly address.

A female police officer who struggles with commanding respect from male colleagues while also presenting herself in traditionally feminine ways may be experiencing:

Role conflict

A high school football coach is worried about how he should handle his roster. On the one hand, it's his job to try to win as many games as possible, which means playing the best players; on the other hand, his contract also requires him to try to allow every member of the team to meaningfully participate. The tension he feels is the result of:

Role strain

Which theorist argued that if people define a situation as real, it is real in its consequences?

W. I. Thomas

How is culture transmitted and internalized?

We learn values and beliefs slowly and incrementally.

What is the sociological imagination?

ability to understand the relationship between our particular situation in life and what is happening at a social level.

Dr. Lui plans to research the relationship between breast-feeding and preschool success. In this research, breast-feeding is the

independent variable.

What did Max Weber believe people would experience more of as the dehumanizing features of bureaucratic processes became increasingly prevalent in society?

disenchantment

When Charles and Kim visit Great Britain, Charles quickly decides to NOT drive the rental car because he perceives the drivers as strange and weird and he wants nothing to do with them. Kim, on the other hand, is excited about driving the car. She looks forward to learning how to do things differently than in the United States. In this example, Charles is experiencing _____ while Kim is experiencing _____.

ethnocentrism; cultural relativism

Which sociological perspective explores how society is structured and maintains order?

functionalist

When babies are born, their biological needs are all they know. When they are hungry, they want food, and when something hurts, they cry. According to Freud, the part of the baby's brain fueling this behavior is the

id.

Auguste Comte is credited with coining the term "sociology," largely through the development of a theory of human thinking called positivism. What does positivism attempt to do?

identify laws that describe the behavior of a reality

A simple random sample is defined as a sample:

in which every member of the population has a chance of being included.

The ideal of objectivity means that a researcher:

must try to adopt a stance of personal neutrality toward the outcome of the research

How does a person come to possess an achieved status?

An achieved status is earned.

In Émile Durkheim's study Suicide, he reported that suicide rates went up when the economy slumped but they also increased when the economy boomed. Which of Durkheim's concepts explains why both positive and negative economic conditions could increase suicide rates?

Anomie

How is a subculture different from a counterculture?

Both are distinct from mainstream culture, but a counterculture actively opposes important aspects of the mainstream.

What did Karl Marx think the lower classes needed to develop in order to end their oppression?

Class consciousness

A famous monologue from Shakespeare's As You Like It begins: All the world's a stage, And all the men and women merely players; They have their exits and their entrances, And one man in his time plays many parts Which theory of social life could be seen as taking its inspiration from these lines?

Dramaturgy

Which of the following statements best characterizes microsociology?

It is an approach that examines interactions between individuals and the ways those interactions reflect larger patterns within a society.

Which of the following statements best describes the approach taken by macrosociologists?

Macrosociology examines large-scale social structure to see how it affects individual lives.

Symbolic interactionism argues that people act toward things on the basis of their meaning. According to this perspective, how does meaning arise?

Meaning is negotiated through interaction with others.

Conflict theorists believe that arguments over values and beliefs have their roots in:

Struggles over scarce resources and power.

Which social theory focuses on micro-level interactions?

Symbolic interactionism

Max Weber believed that as the Industrial Revolution progressed, society became increasingly rationalized. How did he define rationalization?

The application of economic logic to all aspects of social life

Which of the following statements about the process of socialization is true?

The process is reciprocal: society shapes the individual and the individual shapes society.

What happens to individuals who are not socialized?

They are devoid of many of the qualities we associate with being human.

According to Karl Marx, how is class consciousness, or revolutionary consciousness, developed?

When the lower classes come to recognize how society works and challenge those in power

Researchers should try to avoid double-barreled questions, or questions that:

ask about multiple issues

When engaging in participant observation, researchers can study others as well as themselves. Research that focuses on one's own thoughts, feelings, and experiences is known as:

autoethnography.

Sociologists observe society:

by studying the various parts of a society, and the ways they interact and influence each other.

A questionnaire with a set of predetermined responses is

closed-ended.

In 2012, Florida teenager Trayvon Martin was killed by George Zimmerman, a community watch patrolman. The case promoted fierce debates over gun control in the media. A sociologist might describe these debates as

culture wars.

The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis suggests that:

language can structure our perception of reality.

Designer labels on purses and athletic logos on shirts are both examples of:

material culture.

According to Karl Marx, the most important factor in social life is a person's:

relationship to the means of production.

What did sociologist Charles Cooley argue was taking place in people's minds when he developed the concept of the looking-glass self?

seeing ourselves reflected back from others

Émile Durkheim suggested that mechanical solidarity created the

social bonds that held agrarian societies together

The term "socialization" refers to:

the lifelong process by which people learn the norms, values, and beliefs of their culture.

The fact that schools teach children to obey authority would be considered a part of

the hidden curriculum.

Ethnographers using participant observation must always be aware of reflexivity, which occurs because:

the presence of ethnographers may alter the behavior of the people they are observing.

What is reactivity?

the tendency of research subjects to change their behavior in response to being studied

Max Weber helped lay the groundwork for sociologists who would develop symbolic interactionism as a theory, because he believed that a social scientist should approach the study of human action:

with verstehen (understanding), which emphasizes the need for empathy with individuals' experiences.