Chapter 22 - Respiratory

Choose all that are factors that affect the position of the epiglottis during swallowing.

- Elevation of the larynx - Movement of the tongue

Select two examples of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease from the list below.

- Emphysema - Chronic bronchitis

Choose all the hormones that promote oxygen delivery to tissues by stimulating bisphosphoglycerate (BPG) synthesis.

- Epinephrine - Thyroxine - Growth hormone - Testosterone

Choose all the factors that would decrease the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen.

- Increased temperature - Increased bisphosphoglycerate production by RBC

Which two muscles (or muscle groups) are primarily responsible for resting (non-forced) inspiration? Choose two answers from the list below.

- Intercostals - Diaphragm

Choose all the ways air is modified as it passes through the meatus in between two nasal conchae.

- It is humidified. - It is warmed. - It is cleansed.

Choose all that are considered principal organs of the respiratory system.

- Lungs - Pharynx - Larynx - Trachea

Which two terms describe the anterior openings of the nasal cavity? Select two answers from the list below.

- Nares - Nostrils

Choose all the structures that enter the lung at the hilum.

- Nerves - Lymphatic vessels - Blood vessels

What are the four predominant components of inspired air? Select four options from the list below.

- Oxygen - Water vapor - Nitrogen - Carbon dioxide

Choose all the locations that contain the brainstem respiratory centers.

- Pons - Medulla oblongata

Choose all that are added together to calculate the functional residual capacity.

- Residual volume - Expiratory reserve volume

Choose all that are functions of the larynx.

- To keep food and drink out of the airway - To produce sound

Which structures are part of the conducting zone of the respiratory system?

- Trachea - Pharynx - Larynx - Main bronchi

Choose the components of a respiratory membrane.

- Type I (squamous) alveolar cell - Endothelial cell of capillary - One shared basement membrane

Choose all the structures that are responsible for generating sounds within the larynx?

- Vocal folds - Vocal cords

Starting at the top, place the following airways in order of airflow as air enters the lungs.

1. Primary bronchus 2. Secondary bronchus 3. Tertiary bronchus 4. Terminal bronchiole 5. Respiratory bronchiole 6. Alveolar Duct

A normal residual volume would be ______ mL of air.

1300

About how much air is in the anatomic dead space?

150mL

How many lobes make up the left lung?

2

A normal functional residual capacity would be ______ mL of air.

2500

How many lobes make up the right lung?

3

How many oxygen molecules are bound to a fully loaded hemoglobin molecule?

4

What is the normal systemic arterial blood value for PCO2?

40 mm Hg

A normal total lung capacity would be ______ mL of air.

6000

What is the normal systemic arterial blood gas value for PO2?

95 mm Hg

A general term for a drop in the pH of blood below 7.35 is __________

Acidosis

Which term refers to an acid-base imbalance in which the blood pH is lower than 7.35?

Acidosis

What is the role of the pontine (pneumotaxic) respiratory group?

Adjusts respiratory rate based on stimuli from limbic system or cerebral cortex

What is the role of the dorsal respiratory group?

Adjusts respiratory rate based on stimuli from peripheral chemoreceptors

Which two factors facilitate systemic unloading of oxygen from hemoglobin in the peripheral tissues? Select two answers from the list below.

- Binding of protons to hemoglobin - Lower PO2 in tissue fluid

Choose all of the following that the peripheral chemoreceptors detect changes in.

- Blood pH - Blood oxygen saturation - Blood carbon dioxide saturation

Choose all the forms in which carbon dioxide is transported in the blood.

- Carbaminohemoglobin - Dissolved gas - Bicarbonate ion

Choose all that occur during the "chloride shift" in red blood cells.

- Chloride ions are transported into the RBC. - Bicarbonate ions are transported out of the RBC.

Choose all the features that are associated with the tracheal epithelium.

- Cilia - Goblet cells - Mucous - Pseudostratified columnar cells

Which two factors contribute most to airflow resistance? Select two answers below.

- Diameter of the bronchioles - Lung compliance

How long is the pharynx?

About 5 inches

Carbaminohemoglobin

Compound of hemoglobin and carbon dioxide

Which zone of the respiratory system serves only for airflow? It is incapable of gas exchange between the air and the circulatory system.

Conducting zone

Irritants in the lower respiratory system may stimulate which of the following?

Coughing

Which term refers to relaxed, quiet breathing?

Eupnea

The two internal chambers of the nasal cavity are called ______.

Fossae

Exposure to smog and dust can lead to coughing and bronchoconstriction. Which type of respiratory receptors initiate this response?

Irritant receptors

Which term refers to the portion of the lung ventilated by one secondary bronchus?

Lobe

The auditory tubes open in the ______.

Nasopharynx

Bisphosphoglycerate (BPG) promotes which of the following?

Oxygen unloading

What is the serous membrane that encloses each lung?

Pleura

Name the lobes of the human left lung.

Superior and inferior

Tidal Volume (TV)

The amount of air inhaled and exhaled during quiet breathing

A blood pH of 7.55 is called ______.

Alkalosis

Which term refers to an acid-base imbalance in which the blood pH is higher than 7.45?

Alkalosis

Which term refers to the exchange of gases across the respiratory membrane?

Alveolar gas exchange

Gas exchange between the air and the blood occurs in which of the following?

Alveoli

Most of the surface area for gas exchange within the respiratory system is found within the many ___________ of the lungs.

Alveoli

Which term refers to the conducting zones of the respiratory system because they are incapable of gas exchange?

Anatomical dead space

Where is the trachea located?

Anterior to the esophagus

Which of the paired cartilages of the larynx articulate with the cricoid cartilage?

Arytenoid

Movement of which of the following results in abduction or adduction of the vocal folds?

Arytenoid cartilages

How is most carbon dioxide transported in the blood?

As bicarbonate

Where does systemic gas exchange occur?

At the capillary networks of the tissues

Why does air flow into the lungs during inspiration?

Atmospheric pressure is greater than intrapulmonary pressure, and air flows toward the lower pressure area.

The ______ of the lung is the broad concave surface of the lung that rests on the diaphragm.

Base

Most carbon dioxide in the blood is transported in the form of ______ dissolved in the plasma.

Bicarbonate

Carbon dioxide is transported in different forms in the blood. What is the most common form?

Bicarbonate ion

As the volume of a closed container decreases, the pressure of the gas within it increases. This is an example of which gas law?

Boyle's Law

Where are the respiratory control centers located?

Brainstem

Airway resistance in the lungs is usually controlled by changing the diameter of which of the following?

Bronchioles

Chronic ___________ is characterized by a reduction in the number of cilia lining the airway and increased mucus production.

Bronchitis

Which best describes the supportive structures of the trachea?

C-shaped rings composed of hyaline cartilage

Why is carbon monoxide a serious health threat?

CO competes with oxygen for the same binding site.

______ are a group of lung diseases (asthma, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema) that result in long-term obstruction of airflow and substantially reduced pulmonary ventilation.

COPDs

Hemoglobin and carbon dioxide form which of the following?

Carbaminohemoglobin

The enzyme found in erythrocytes that catalyzes the formation of carbonic acid, which then dissociates into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions, is ________ anhydrase.

Carbonic

Which is true about carbon dioxide loading?

Carbonic anhydrase catalyzes the conversion of CO2 and H20 into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions.

What compound is formed when carbon monoxide binds to hemoglobin?

Carboxyhemoglobin

Aside from the two small nasal bones, the majority of the external (facial) features of the nose are supported by which of the following?

Cartilage

The dense support-material that can be palpated at the tip of your nose is composed of what type of tissue?

Cartilage

You place an empty, sealed plastic bottle in the freezer. When you remove the bottle 4 hours later it has collapsed. This is an example of which gas law?

Charles's Law

The central ______ in the brainstem are neurons that sense changes in the pH of the cerebrospinal fluid.

Chemoreceptors

The posterior nasal apertures are also called the ______.

Choanae

Which is a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease characterized by damaged and immobilized respiratory cilia, excessive mucus secretion, infection of the lower respiratory tract, and bronchial inflammation?

Chronic bronchitis

The tracheal lumen is lined with epithelial cells that have hairlike structures called ______. The upward beating of these structures moves the abundant mucus upward toward the pharynx.

Cilia

What is the role of the epiglottis?

Covers the glottis when swallowing

The ring of hyaline cartilage located inferior to the thyroid cartilage is called the ____________ cartilage

Cricoid

Which ring-shaped cartilage forms the inferior part of the voice box?

Cricoid cartilage

Which is a paired laryngeal cartilage that is not involved in movement of the vocal folds?

Cuneiform

Which of the paired cartilages are attached to and support the soft tissue between the arytenoids and the epiglottis?

Cuneiform

A bluish color of the skin and mucous membranes due to ischemia or hypoxemia is called ____________

Cyanosis

Which law states that the total pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the individual partial pressures of gases?

Dalton's

Hemoglobin that is not bound to oxygen is called ______.

Deoxyhemoglobin

Which muscle (or muscle group) is the prime mover of respiration, producing about two-thirds of pulmonary airflow?

Diaphragm

The ______ respiratory group receives input from chemoreceptors and adjusts the respiratory rate accordingly.

Dorsal

Movement of air out of the lungs is called ______.

Expiration

The ______ neurons inhibit the inspiratory neurons of the ventral respiratory group.

Expiratory

Which muscles are used for inspiration?

External intercostals, sternocleidomastoid, scalenes

True or false: Intrapleural pressure is always greater than atmospheric pressure.

False

True or false: The majority of dissolved carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as carbaminohemoglobin.

False

True or false: The pleural cavity contains the lungs.

False

True or false: The residual volume may be exhaled with a forceful expiration.

False

True or false: The volume of anatomical dead space cannot be changed and does not vary with circumstances within a given individual.

False

Which respiratory volume takes into consideration the rate at which air is exhaled?

Forced expiratory volume

Which term refers to the volume of air (or percentage of the vital capacity) that can be exhaled in a specific amount of time?

Forced expiratory volume

Carboxyhemoglobin

Hemoglobin with carbon monoxide bound to it

Deoxyhemoglobin

Hemoglobin with no oxygen bound to it

Oxyhempglobin

Hemoglobin with one or more oxygen molecules bound to it

Peripheral chemoreceptors trigger an increase in ventilation in response to which of the following?

High levels of blood CO2

The concave surface of the lungs where blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerves and the primary bronchi enter and leave contains a slit. This slit is called the ______.

Hilum

The C-shaped rings that support the trachea are composed of what type of tissue?

Hyaline cartilage

Which term refers to an excess of carbon dioxide in the blood?

Hypercapnia

The normal PCO2 of arterial blood is between 37 and 43 mm Hg. Which term refers to a PCO2 of less than 37 mm Hg?

Hypocapnia

Which type of hypoxia can be caused by decreased oxygen availability at high altitudes or by drowning?

Hypoxemic

Which form of hypoxia would result from carbon monoxide poisoning?

Hypoxemic hypoxia

Which term refers to a deficiency of oxygen in a tissue?

Hypoxia

The cilia of the olfactory epithelium are ______.

Immobile

Anemic hypoxia

Inability of the blood to carry adequate oxygen due to anemia

Ischemic hypoxia

Inadequate circulation of blood

Hypoxemic hypoxia

Inadequate pulmonary gas exchange

Type of stimulus Stretch receptors reacts to

Inflation of the lungs

The expiratory (E) neurons of the ventral respiratory group (VRG) do which of the following?

Inhibit the inspiratory (I) neurons

During the respiratory cycle, the intake of air is called ______.

Inspiration

The ______ reserve volume represents the maximum amount of air that may be inhaled after the tidal volume.

Inspiratory

The sum of the tidal and inspiratory reserve volumes is a measure of the _________ capacity

Inspiratory

In a healthy individual, which of these volumes would have the greatest numerical value?

Inspiratory reserve volume

Which muscle (or muscle group) aids the diaphragm as a synergist during resting respiration?

Internal and external intercostals

As the thoracic cavity expands, the visceral pleura clings to the parietal pleura, and the surface of the lung is pulled outward. Why does this increase in lung volume cause inspiration?

Intrapulmonary pressure is temporarily lower than atmospheric pressure.

Which best describes the action of carbonic anhydrase?

It converts carbon dioxide and water to carbonic acid which dissociates into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions.

The separation between the path of air to the lungs and the passageway for food to the esophagus occurs within which of the following?

Laryngopharynx

Which term refers to the inferior portion of the pharynx which extends from the epiglottis to the esophagus?

Laryngopharynx

Which of these occurs during exhalation?

Lung volumes decrease and intrapulmonary pressure increases.

More than half of the body's blood platelets are made by megakaryocytes in the ______.

Lungs

The cardiac notch is the indentation located on the ______ surface of the left lung that accommodates the heart.

Medial

What is the respiratory membrane?

Membrane through which gases are exchanged in the alveolus

Histotoxic hypoxia

Metabolic poison prevents tissues from using the oxygen delivered to them

The Bohr effect occurs because CO2 lowers the pH of the blood, which (as this graph illustrates) facilitates the unloading of oxygen from hemoglobin. Given this, what is the physiological significance of the Bohr effect?

More oxygen is released to tissues that have higher metabolic rates.

Active tissues are warmer than less active ones. Based on that information and the graph shown here, which of the following statements is true?

More oxygen will be delivered to more active tissues.

Which best defines alveolar gas exchange?

Movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide across the respiratory membrane

Which is the portion of the pharynx found superior to the soft palate at the back of the oral cavity?

Nasopharynx

Which section of the pharynx acts as a passageway for air, but not for food?

Nasopharynx

Which gas has the greatest partial pressure in inspired air?

Nitrogen

How many primary bronchi serve the right lung?

One

Squamous-cell carcinoma

Originates in the basal cells of the bronchial epithelium

Small-cell carcinoma

Originates in the main bronchi but invades the mediastinum and metastasizes quickly

Adenocarcinoma

Originates in the mucous glands of the lamina propria

Clinically, cyanosis is very important because it indicates which underlying physiological problem?

Oxygen deficiency

Type of stimulus Peripheral chemoreceptors reacts to

Oxygen level, carbon dioxide level, and pH of the blood

Which term is used to describe hemoglobin with only one molecule of oxygen bound to it?

Oxyhemoglobin

Chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies are called ______ chemoreceptors.

Peripheral

Which includes all of the regions of the airway incapable of gas exchange, including both conducting zones and respiratory zones that have been damaged by disease?

Physiological dead space

Which is often increased in individuals with pulmonary disease?

Physiological dead space

Which term refers to the potential space between the visceral and parietal pleurae?

Pleural cavity

A clinical condition characterized by the presence of air in the pleural cavity called which of the following?

Pneumothorax

Which condition is defined by the presence of air within the pleural cavity?

Pneumothorax

The ______ respiratory group adjusts the respiratory rate based on stimuli from the limbic system or cerebral cortex.

Pontine

Besides keeping food out of the airway, the larynx is also responsible for which of the following?

Producing speech

Which term describes the ease with which lung tissue expands during breathing?

Pulmonary compliance

Which term refers to the volume of air remaining in lungs after maximum exhalation?

Residual volume

What is the correct formula for calculating total lung capacity?

Residual volume + vital capacity

Each terminal bronchiole gives off two or more smaller ______ bronchioles.

Respiratory

The nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs are the principal organs of which system?

Respiratory

The system that supplies the body with oxygen and expels carbon dioxide by the rhythmic intake and expulsion of air is the ______ system.

Respiratory

At which level of the bronchial tree does gas exchange first occur?

Respiratory bronchiole

Aspirated objects that enter the trachea are more likely to lodge in which primary bronchus?

Right

The _________ lung has three lobes and two fissures.

Right

Which choice lists the respiratory structures in the order of airflow as air it enters the lung?

Secondary bronchus, tertiary bronchus, terminal bronchiole, respiratory bronchiole

Tertiary bronchi are also called ______ bronchi.

Segmental

The nasal ______________ separates the nasal cavity into left and right halves.

Septum

The pleurae are which type of membrane?

Serous

Which form of lung cancer is most likely to become metastatic?

Small-cell carcinoma

Which of the special senses is associated with the nasal cavity?

Smell

Type of stimulus Irritant receptors reacts to

Smoke, dust, pollen, chemical fumes, cold air, excess mucus

Which is the most common form of lung cancer?

Squamous-cell carcinoma

Which aspect of the lung is known as the apex?

Superior

Which decreases surface tension in the fluids of the alveoli?

Surfactant

The lungs of premature infants often develop respiratory distress syndrome. Why do these infants experience alveolar sac collapse?

Surfactant is not produced yet in adequate quantities.

Where is most carbon dioxide loaded into the blood?

Systemic capillary beds

Which term refers to the exchange of gases (O2 and CO2) that occurs in the capillary networks between the blood and the body's cells?

Systemic gas exchange

What is the final branch of the conducting division?

Terminal bronchiole

What is the distal-most portion of the respiratory system that is incapable of gas exchange?

Terminal bronchioles

What airway supplies air to a single bronchopulmonary segment of the lung?

Tertiary bronchus

Residual Volume (RV)

The amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced expiration.

Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV)

The amount of air that can be exhaled in a given time interval.

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

The amount of air that may be exhaled over the tidal volume

Which best describes the expiratory reserve volume (ERV)?

The amount of air that may be exhaled over the tidal volume

Why do the lungs expand along with the thoracic cage during inspiration?

The cohesion of water causes the visceral pleura to cling to the parietal pleura.

Which best describes what happens during exhalation?

The diaphragm relaxes, intrapulmonary pressure increases, air flows out

What does oxygen bind to in the hemoglobin molecule?

The heme group

What is the intrapleural pressure?

The pressure in the fluid-filled space between the parietal and visceral pleurae

Boyle's Law states which of the following?

The pressure of a given quantity of gas is inversely proportional to its volume at a constant temperature.

Oxygen loading in the lungs decreases hemoglobin's affinity for H+. How does this promote alveolar gas exchange?

The released H+ combines with HCO3- to form free CO2, which can diffuse out of the blood.

Dalton's Law states which of the following?

The total atmospheric pressure is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the individual gases present.

Ambient (outside) air at 22O C is inhaled. The gases are warmed to body temperature (37.5O C) by the time they reach the alveoli of the lungs. According to Charles's law, what will happen to the volume of the inhaled air?

The volume will increase.

The right lung has how many secondary bronchi?

Three

The laryngeal prominence (also called the "Adam's apple") is an anterior peak on the _____________ cartilage, the largest of the laryngeal cartilages.

Thyroid

Which cartilage forms the anterior wall of the larynx and is the largest of the laryngeal cartilages?

Thyroid cartilage

The volume of air inhaled or exhaled during a respiratory cycle is called the ___________ volume

Tidal

Which term refers to the amount of air inhaled and exhaled during one cycle of quiet breathing?

Tidal volume

Tidal volume plus expiratory reserve volume plus inspiratory reserve volume

Tidal volume + expiratory reserve volume + inspiratory reserve volume

How is inspiratory capacity calculated?

Tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume

What is the function of the coarse hairs present in the nasal vestibule?

To trap dust, microbes and other debris that may be present in air that is inspired

Which of these calculated volumes typically has the greatest value?

Total lung capacity

Which structure conducts air from the larynx to the primary bronchi?

Trachea

True or false: Evidence suggests that ventilation increases more quickly in response to high levels of CO2 than it does to low levels of O2 in the blood.

True

True or false: The chloride shift allows RBCs to continue to produce carbonic acid.

True

True or false: When the diaphragm contracts and lung volume increases, intrapulmonary pressure drops.

True

Pulmonary compliance is reduced in which of the following?

Tuberculosis patients

Nasal conchae are also called ______.

Turbinates

The ______ respiratory group sets the basal respiratory rate which may then be adjusted by commands from the pontine and/or dorsal respiratory groups.

Ventral

Which component of the respiratory center is responsible for setting the basal respiratory rate and providing output to the muscles of respiration?

Ventral respiratory group

Which structures do not function in the production of speech, but instead is primarily responsible for closing the larynx during swallowing?

Vestibular folds

The guard hairs of the nasal vestibule are called ______.

Vibrissae

The sum of the expiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and inspiratory reserve volume is the __________ capacity

Vital

When do vocal cords produce low pitched sounds?

When they are relaxed

Why do women usually have higher-pitched voices as compared to men?

Women have shorter and thinner vocal cords.

Central chemoreceptors in the brain stem that are involved in respiratory control respond most directly to changes in which of the following?

pH

Type of stimulus Central chemoreceptors reacts to

pH of the CSF