Chapter 22 - Respiratory
Choose all that are factors that affect the position of the epiglottis during swallowing.
- Elevation of the larynx - Movement of the tongue
Select two examples of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease from the list below.
- Emphysema - Chronic bronchitis
Choose all the hormones that promote oxygen delivery to tissues by stimulating bisphosphoglycerate (BPG) synthesis.
- Epinephrine - Thyroxine - Growth hormone - Testosterone
Choose all the factors that would decrease the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen.
- Increased temperature - Increased bisphosphoglycerate production by RBC
Which two muscles (or muscle groups) are primarily responsible for resting (non-forced) inspiration? Choose two answers from the list below.
- Intercostals - Diaphragm
Choose all the ways air is modified as it passes through the meatus in between two nasal conchae.
- It is humidified. - It is warmed. - It is cleansed.
Choose all that are considered principal organs of the respiratory system.
- Lungs - Pharynx - Larynx - Trachea
Which two terms describe the anterior openings of the nasal cavity? Select two answers from the list below.
- Nares - Nostrils
Choose all the structures that enter the lung at the hilum.
- Nerves - Lymphatic vessels - Blood vessels
What are the four predominant components of inspired air? Select four options from the list below.
- Oxygen - Water vapor - Nitrogen - Carbon dioxide
Choose all the locations that contain the brainstem respiratory centers.
- Pons - Medulla oblongata
Choose all that are added together to calculate the functional residual capacity.
- Residual volume - Expiratory reserve volume
Choose all that are functions of the larynx.
- To keep food and drink out of the airway - To produce sound
Which structures are part of the conducting zone of the respiratory system?
- Trachea - Pharynx - Larynx - Main bronchi
Choose the components of a respiratory membrane.
- Type I (squamous) alveolar cell - Endothelial cell of capillary - One shared basement membrane
Choose all the structures that are responsible for generating sounds within the larynx?
- Vocal folds - Vocal cords
Starting at the top, place the following airways in order of airflow as air enters the lungs.
1. Primary bronchus 2. Secondary bronchus 3. Tertiary bronchus 4. Terminal bronchiole 5. Respiratory bronchiole 6. Alveolar Duct
A normal residual volume would be ______ mL of air.
1300
About how much air is in the anatomic dead space?
150mL
How many lobes make up the left lung?
2
A normal functional residual capacity would be ______ mL of air.
2500
How many lobes make up the right lung?
3
How many oxygen molecules are bound to a fully loaded hemoglobin molecule?
4
What is the normal systemic arterial blood value for PCO2?
40 mm Hg
A normal total lung capacity would be ______ mL of air.
6000
What is the normal systemic arterial blood gas value for PO2?
95 mm Hg
A general term for a drop in the pH of blood below 7.35 is __________
Acidosis
Which term refers to an acid-base imbalance in which the blood pH is lower than 7.35?
Acidosis
What is the role of the pontine (pneumotaxic) respiratory group?
Adjusts respiratory rate based on stimuli from limbic system or cerebral cortex
What is the role of the dorsal respiratory group?
Adjusts respiratory rate based on stimuli from peripheral chemoreceptors
Which two factors facilitate systemic unloading of oxygen from hemoglobin in the peripheral tissues? Select two answers from the list below.
- Binding of protons to hemoglobin - Lower PO2 in tissue fluid
Choose all of the following that the peripheral chemoreceptors detect changes in.
- Blood pH - Blood oxygen saturation - Blood carbon dioxide saturation
Choose all the forms in which carbon dioxide is transported in the blood.
- Carbaminohemoglobin - Dissolved gas - Bicarbonate ion
Choose all that occur during the "chloride shift" in red blood cells.
- Chloride ions are transported into the RBC. - Bicarbonate ions are transported out of the RBC.
Choose all the features that are associated with the tracheal epithelium.
- Cilia - Goblet cells - Mucous - Pseudostratified columnar cells
Which two factors contribute most to airflow resistance? Select two answers below.
- Diameter of the bronchioles - Lung compliance
How long is the pharynx?
About 5 inches
Carbaminohemoglobin
Compound of hemoglobin and carbon dioxide
Which zone of the respiratory system serves only for airflow? It is incapable of gas exchange between the air and the circulatory system.
Conducting zone
Irritants in the lower respiratory system may stimulate which of the following?
Coughing
Which term refers to relaxed, quiet breathing?
Eupnea
The two internal chambers of the nasal cavity are called ______.
Fossae
Exposure to smog and dust can lead to coughing and bronchoconstriction. Which type of respiratory receptors initiate this response?
Irritant receptors
Which term refers to the portion of the lung ventilated by one secondary bronchus?
Lobe
The auditory tubes open in the ______.
Nasopharynx
Bisphosphoglycerate (BPG) promotes which of the following?
Oxygen unloading
What is the serous membrane that encloses each lung?
Pleura
Name the lobes of the human left lung.
Superior and inferior
Tidal Volume (TV)
The amount of air inhaled and exhaled during quiet breathing
A blood pH of 7.55 is called ______.
Alkalosis
Which term refers to an acid-base imbalance in which the blood pH is higher than 7.45?
Alkalosis
Which term refers to the exchange of gases across the respiratory membrane?
Alveolar gas exchange
Gas exchange between the air and the blood occurs in which of the following?
Alveoli
Most of the surface area for gas exchange within the respiratory system is found within the many ___________ of the lungs.
Alveoli
Which term refers to the conducting zones of the respiratory system because they are incapable of gas exchange?
Anatomical dead space
Where is the trachea located?
Anterior to the esophagus
Which of the paired cartilages of the larynx articulate with the cricoid cartilage?
Arytenoid
Movement of which of the following results in abduction or adduction of the vocal folds?
Arytenoid cartilages
How is most carbon dioxide transported in the blood?
As bicarbonate
Where does systemic gas exchange occur?
At the capillary networks of the tissues
Why does air flow into the lungs during inspiration?
Atmospheric pressure is greater than intrapulmonary pressure, and air flows toward the lower pressure area.
The ______ of the lung is the broad concave surface of the lung that rests on the diaphragm.
Base
Most carbon dioxide in the blood is transported in the form of ______ dissolved in the plasma.
Bicarbonate
Carbon dioxide is transported in different forms in the blood. What is the most common form?
Bicarbonate ion
As the volume of a closed container decreases, the pressure of the gas within it increases. This is an example of which gas law?
Boyle's Law
Where are the respiratory control centers located?
Brainstem
Airway resistance in the lungs is usually controlled by changing the diameter of which of the following?
Bronchioles
Chronic ___________ is characterized by a reduction in the number of cilia lining the airway and increased mucus production.
Bronchitis
Which best describes the supportive structures of the trachea?
C-shaped rings composed of hyaline cartilage
Why is carbon monoxide a serious health threat?
CO competes with oxygen for the same binding site.
______ are a group of lung diseases (asthma, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema) that result in long-term obstruction of airflow and substantially reduced pulmonary ventilation.
COPDs
Hemoglobin and carbon dioxide form which of the following?
Carbaminohemoglobin
The enzyme found in erythrocytes that catalyzes the formation of carbonic acid, which then dissociates into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions, is ________ anhydrase.
Carbonic
Which is true about carbon dioxide loading?
Carbonic anhydrase catalyzes the conversion of CO2 and H20 into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions.
What compound is formed when carbon monoxide binds to hemoglobin?
Carboxyhemoglobin
Aside from the two small nasal bones, the majority of the external (facial) features of the nose are supported by which of the following?
Cartilage
The dense support-material that can be palpated at the tip of your nose is composed of what type of tissue?
Cartilage
You place an empty, sealed plastic bottle in the freezer. When you remove the bottle 4 hours later it has collapsed. This is an example of which gas law?
Charles's Law
The central ______ in the brainstem are neurons that sense changes in the pH of the cerebrospinal fluid.
Chemoreceptors
The posterior nasal apertures are also called the ______.
Choanae
Which is a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease characterized by damaged and immobilized respiratory cilia, excessive mucus secretion, infection of the lower respiratory tract, and bronchial inflammation?
Chronic bronchitis
The tracheal lumen is lined with epithelial cells that have hairlike structures called ______. The upward beating of these structures moves the abundant mucus upward toward the pharynx.
Cilia
What is the role of the epiglottis?
Covers the glottis when swallowing
The ring of hyaline cartilage located inferior to the thyroid cartilage is called the ____________ cartilage
Cricoid
Which ring-shaped cartilage forms the inferior part of the voice box?
Cricoid cartilage
Which is a paired laryngeal cartilage that is not involved in movement of the vocal folds?
Cuneiform
Which of the paired cartilages are attached to and support the soft tissue between the arytenoids and the epiglottis?
Cuneiform
A bluish color of the skin and mucous membranes due to ischemia or hypoxemia is called ____________
Cyanosis
Which law states that the total pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the individual partial pressures of gases?
Dalton's
Hemoglobin that is not bound to oxygen is called ______.
Deoxyhemoglobin
Which muscle (or muscle group) is the prime mover of respiration, producing about two-thirds of pulmonary airflow?
Diaphragm
The ______ respiratory group receives input from chemoreceptors and adjusts the respiratory rate accordingly.
Dorsal
Movement of air out of the lungs is called ______.
Expiration
The ______ neurons inhibit the inspiratory neurons of the ventral respiratory group.
Expiratory
Which muscles are used for inspiration?
External intercostals, sternocleidomastoid, scalenes
True or false: Intrapleural pressure is always greater than atmospheric pressure.
False
True or false: The majority of dissolved carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as carbaminohemoglobin.
False
True or false: The pleural cavity contains the lungs.
False
True or false: The residual volume may be exhaled with a forceful expiration.
False
True or false: The volume of anatomical dead space cannot be changed and does not vary with circumstances within a given individual.
False
Which respiratory volume takes into consideration the rate at which air is exhaled?
Forced expiratory volume
Which term refers to the volume of air (or percentage of the vital capacity) that can be exhaled in a specific amount of time?
Forced expiratory volume
Carboxyhemoglobin
Hemoglobin with carbon monoxide bound to it
Deoxyhemoglobin
Hemoglobin with no oxygen bound to it
Oxyhempglobin
Hemoglobin with one or more oxygen molecules bound to it
Peripheral chemoreceptors trigger an increase in ventilation in response to which of the following?
High levels of blood CO2
The concave surface of the lungs where blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerves and the primary bronchi enter and leave contains a slit. This slit is called the ______.
Hilum
The C-shaped rings that support the trachea are composed of what type of tissue?
Hyaline cartilage
Which term refers to an excess of carbon dioxide in the blood?
Hypercapnia
The normal PCO2 of arterial blood is between 37 and 43 mm Hg. Which term refers to a PCO2 of less than 37 mm Hg?
Hypocapnia
Which type of hypoxia can be caused by decreased oxygen availability at high altitudes or by drowning?
Hypoxemic
Which form of hypoxia would result from carbon monoxide poisoning?
Hypoxemic hypoxia
Which term refers to a deficiency of oxygen in a tissue?
Hypoxia
The cilia of the olfactory epithelium are ______.
Immobile
Anemic hypoxia
Inability of the blood to carry adequate oxygen due to anemia
Ischemic hypoxia
Inadequate circulation of blood
Hypoxemic hypoxia
Inadequate pulmonary gas exchange
Type of stimulus Stretch receptors reacts to
Inflation of the lungs
The expiratory (E) neurons of the ventral respiratory group (VRG) do which of the following?
Inhibit the inspiratory (I) neurons
During the respiratory cycle, the intake of air is called ______.
Inspiration
The ______ reserve volume represents the maximum amount of air that may be inhaled after the tidal volume.
Inspiratory
The sum of the tidal and inspiratory reserve volumes is a measure of the _________ capacity
Inspiratory
In a healthy individual, which of these volumes would have the greatest numerical value?
Inspiratory reserve volume
Which muscle (or muscle group) aids the diaphragm as a synergist during resting respiration?
Internal and external intercostals
As the thoracic cavity expands, the visceral pleura clings to the parietal pleura, and the surface of the lung is pulled outward. Why does this increase in lung volume cause inspiration?
Intrapulmonary pressure is temporarily lower than atmospheric pressure.
Which best describes the action of carbonic anhydrase?
It converts carbon dioxide and water to carbonic acid which dissociates into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions.
The separation between the path of air to the lungs and the passageway for food to the esophagus occurs within which of the following?
Laryngopharynx
Which term refers to the inferior portion of the pharynx which extends from the epiglottis to the esophagus?
Laryngopharynx
Which of these occurs during exhalation?
Lung volumes decrease and intrapulmonary pressure increases.
More than half of the body's blood platelets are made by megakaryocytes in the ______.
Lungs
The cardiac notch is the indentation located on the ______ surface of the left lung that accommodates the heart.
Medial
What is the respiratory membrane?
Membrane through which gases are exchanged in the alveolus
Histotoxic hypoxia
Metabolic poison prevents tissues from using the oxygen delivered to them
The Bohr effect occurs because CO2 lowers the pH of the blood, which (as this graph illustrates) facilitates the unloading of oxygen from hemoglobin. Given this, what is the physiological significance of the Bohr effect?
More oxygen is released to tissues that have higher metabolic rates.
Active tissues are warmer than less active ones. Based on that information and the graph shown here, which of the following statements is true?
More oxygen will be delivered to more active tissues.
Which best defines alveolar gas exchange?
Movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide across the respiratory membrane
Which is the portion of the pharynx found superior to the soft palate at the back of the oral cavity?
Nasopharynx
Which section of the pharynx acts as a passageway for air, but not for food?
Nasopharynx
Which gas has the greatest partial pressure in inspired air?
Nitrogen
How many primary bronchi serve the right lung?
One
Squamous-cell carcinoma
Originates in the basal cells of the bronchial epithelium
Small-cell carcinoma
Originates in the main bronchi but invades the mediastinum and metastasizes quickly
Adenocarcinoma
Originates in the mucous glands of the lamina propria
Clinically, cyanosis is very important because it indicates which underlying physiological problem?
Oxygen deficiency
Type of stimulus Peripheral chemoreceptors reacts to
Oxygen level, carbon dioxide level, and pH of the blood
Which term is used to describe hemoglobin with only one molecule of oxygen bound to it?
Oxyhemoglobin
Chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies are called ______ chemoreceptors.
Peripheral
Which includes all of the regions of the airway incapable of gas exchange, including both conducting zones and respiratory zones that have been damaged by disease?
Physiological dead space
Which is often increased in individuals with pulmonary disease?
Physiological dead space
Which term refers to the potential space between the visceral and parietal pleurae?
Pleural cavity
A clinical condition characterized by the presence of air in the pleural cavity called which of the following?
Pneumothorax
Which condition is defined by the presence of air within the pleural cavity?
Pneumothorax
The ______ respiratory group adjusts the respiratory rate based on stimuli from the limbic system or cerebral cortex.
Pontine
Besides keeping food out of the airway, the larynx is also responsible for which of the following?
Producing speech
Which term describes the ease with which lung tissue expands during breathing?
Pulmonary compliance
Which term refers to the volume of air remaining in lungs after maximum exhalation?
Residual volume
What is the correct formula for calculating total lung capacity?
Residual volume + vital capacity
Each terminal bronchiole gives off two or more smaller ______ bronchioles.
Respiratory
The nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs are the principal organs of which system?
Respiratory
The system that supplies the body with oxygen and expels carbon dioxide by the rhythmic intake and expulsion of air is the ______ system.
Respiratory
At which level of the bronchial tree does gas exchange first occur?
Respiratory bronchiole
Aspirated objects that enter the trachea are more likely to lodge in which primary bronchus?
Right
The _________ lung has three lobes and two fissures.
Right
Which choice lists the respiratory structures in the order of airflow as air it enters the lung?
Secondary bronchus, tertiary bronchus, terminal bronchiole, respiratory bronchiole
Tertiary bronchi are also called ______ bronchi.
Segmental
The nasal ______________ separates the nasal cavity into left and right halves.
Septum
The pleurae are which type of membrane?
Serous
Which form of lung cancer is most likely to become metastatic?
Small-cell carcinoma
Which of the special senses is associated with the nasal cavity?
Smell
Type of stimulus Irritant receptors reacts to
Smoke, dust, pollen, chemical fumes, cold air, excess mucus
Which is the most common form of lung cancer?
Squamous-cell carcinoma
Which aspect of the lung is known as the apex?
Superior
Which decreases surface tension in the fluids of the alveoli?
Surfactant
The lungs of premature infants often develop respiratory distress syndrome. Why do these infants experience alveolar sac collapse?
Surfactant is not produced yet in adequate quantities.
Where is most carbon dioxide loaded into the blood?
Systemic capillary beds
Which term refers to the exchange of gases (O2 and CO2) that occurs in the capillary networks between the blood and the body's cells?
Systemic gas exchange
What is the final branch of the conducting division?
Terminal bronchiole
What is the distal-most portion of the respiratory system that is incapable of gas exchange?
Terminal bronchioles
What airway supplies air to a single bronchopulmonary segment of the lung?
Tertiary bronchus
Residual Volume (RV)
The amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced expiration.
Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV)
The amount of air that can be exhaled in a given time interval.
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
The amount of air that may be exhaled over the tidal volume
Which best describes the expiratory reserve volume (ERV)?
The amount of air that may be exhaled over the tidal volume
Why do the lungs expand along with the thoracic cage during inspiration?
The cohesion of water causes the visceral pleura to cling to the parietal pleura.
Which best describes what happens during exhalation?
The diaphragm relaxes, intrapulmonary pressure increases, air flows out
What does oxygen bind to in the hemoglobin molecule?
The heme group
What is the intrapleural pressure?
The pressure in the fluid-filled space between the parietal and visceral pleurae
Boyle's Law states which of the following?
The pressure of a given quantity of gas is inversely proportional to its volume at a constant temperature.
Oxygen loading in the lungs decreases hemoglobin's affinity for H+. How does this promote alveolar gas exchange?
The released H+ combines with HCO3- to form free CO2, which can diffuse out of the blood.
Dalton's Law states which of the following?
The total atmospheric pressure is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the individual gases present.
Ambient (outside) air at 22O C is inhaled. The gases are warmed to body temperature (37.5O C) by the time they reach the alveoli of the lungs. According to Charles's law, what will happen to the volume of the inhaled air?
The volume will increase.
The right lung has how many secondary bronchi?
Three
The laryngeal prominence (also called the "Adam's apple") is an anterior peak on the _____________ cartilage, the largest of the laryngeal cartilages.
Thyroid
Which cartilage forms the anterior wall of the larynx and is the largest of the laryngeal cartilages?
Thyroid cartilage
The volume of air inhaled or exhaled during a respiratory cycle is called the ___________ volume
Tidal
Which term refers to the amount of air inhaled and exhaled during one cycle of quiet breathing?
Tidal volume
Tidal volume plus expiratory reserve volume plus inspiratory reserve volume
Tidal volume + expiratory reserve volume + inspiratory reserve volume
How is inspiratory capacity calculated?
Tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume
What is the function of the coarse hairs present in the nasal vestibule?
To trap dust, microbes and other debris that may be present in air that is inspired
Which of these calculated volumes typically has the greatest value?
Total lung capacity
Which structure conducts air from the larynx to the primary bronchi?
Trachea
True or false: Evidence suggests that ventilation increases more quickly in response to high levels of CO2 than it does to low levels of O2 in the blood.
True
True or false: The chloride shift allows RBCs to continue to produce carbonic acid.
True
True or false: When the diaphragm contracts and lung volume increases, intrapulmonary pressure drops.
True
Pulmonary compliance is reduced in which of the following?
Tuberculosis patients
Nasal conchae are also called ______.
Turbinates
The ______ respiratory group sets the basal respiratory rate which may then be adjusted by commands from the pontine and/or dorsal respiratory groups.
Ventral
Which component of the respiratory center is responsible for setting the basal respiratory rate and providing output to the muscles of respiration?
Ventral respiratory group
Which structures do not function in the production of speech, but instead is primarily responsible for closing the larynx during swallowing?
Vestibular folds
The guard hairs of the nasal vestibule are called ______.
Vibrissae
The sum of the expiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and inspiratory reserve volume is the __________ capacity
Vital
When do vocal cords produce low pitched sounds?
When they are relaxed
Why do women usually have higher-pitched voices as compared to men?
Women have shorter and thinner vocal cords.
Central chemoreceptors in the brain stem that are involved in respiratory control respond most directly to changes in which of the following?
pH
Type of stimulus Central chemoreceptors reacts to
pH of the CSF