Chapter 22 - Wiley adaptive assesment
Most antibodies have _______ chains.
A) 4 B) 2 C) 8 D) 6 4 is correct awnser-> The structure of an antibody typically occurs in four polypeptide chains: two heavy (H) chains and two light (L) chains.
In a(n) _____ chain, the C region differs from one class of antibody to another.
A) A B) L C) H D) V C is correct awnser-> Within each H and L chain are two distinct regions, including the variable (V) region and the constant (C) region. The C region of the H chain differs from one class of antibody to another as its structure gives rise to the five different classes of immunoglobulins.
If Alex, 19 years old, and his grandfather, Bill, 74 years old, are exposed to the hepatitis A virus (HAV), which of the following might you expect to see?
A) Alex has a lower number of T-cells. B) Alex's B-cells kill the viral-infected cells more quickly. C) Bill is less likely to get a severe case of hepatitis A. D) Alex produces more antibodies in a shorter period of time. D is correct awnser -> Aging has many effects on the immune system including lowered levels of function and decreased response to vaccines. This makes them more susceptible to all types of infections and malignancies as antibody levels do not increase as quickly in response to a foreign antigen. Therefore, Bill's B cells will respond to the viral antigens more slowly. Alex likely has a higher number of T cells and produces more antibodies in a shorter period of time. So he is less likely to get a severe case of hepatitis. Choice E is incorrect because B cells help produce antibodies while cytotoxic T cells kill host target cells.
Both Art, 83 years old, and Lawrence, 28 years old, have just been exposed to a strain of annual influenza. Neither one received a flu vaccination. What would you expect to see in these patients?
A) Art is more likely to get sick than Lawrence because Art's T-cells will not secrete antibodies in response to the antigen challenge as effectively. B) Art is less likely to get sick than Lawrence because Art's T-cells will secrete antibodies in response to the antigen challenge more effectively. C) Art is less likely to get sick than Lawrence because Art's B-cells will secrete antibodies in response to the antigen challenge more effectively. D)Art is more likely to get sick than Lawrence because Art's B-cells will not secrete antibodies in response to the antigen challenge as effectively. D is correct awnser -> Aging has many effects on the immune system including lowered levels of function and decreased response to vaccines. This makes them more susceptible to all types of infections and malignancies as antibody levels do not increase as quickly in response to a foreign antigen. Therefore, Art is more likely than Lawrence to get sick.
After 2-10 years, HIV tends to destroy which cell type so that symptoms of HIV infections are realized?
A) B cells B) plasma cells C) helper T cells D) red blood cells C is correct awnser -> Helper T cells main job in the immune response is to elminate the intruder invading your body. The virus destroys helper T cells, and people tend to experience symptoms of an immunodeficiency. A T cell will produce a cell-mediated immune response if an antigen is present. T cells are a key component in the cell-mediated response the specific response uses T cells to neutralize cells that have been infected with bacteria. There are three types of T cells that help fight viruses and bacteria: cytotoxic T cells, helper, and suppressor cells. Cytotoxic T cells destroy virus ridden cells, and helper cells activate antibodies, and the cell-mediated immune response. Supressor cells deactivate T and B cells when necessary.
The activity of which immune component causes the inflow of extracellular fluid through the target cell membrane?
A) CD8 proteins B) perforin C) interleukin-2 D) MHC-I coupled to target cell antigen B is correct awnser -> Cytotoxic T cells can bind to an infected target cell and release perforin. Perforin inserts into the plasma membrane of the target cell creating channels in the membrane that allows extracellular fluid to flow into the cell and cause cytolysis, or cell bursting.
Copies of a given antigen have entered body cells and are present inside cells and in extracellular fluid. What occurs next?
A) Copies of a given antigen have entered body cells and are present inside cells and in extracellular fluid. What occurs next? B) The second line of defense responds. C) The B cell system responds. D) Both the B and T cell systems respond, working cooperatively. D is correct awnser -> There are two types of adaptive immunity: cell-mediated and antibody-mediated. In cell-mediated immunity cytotoxic T cells directly attack invading antigens. It always involves cells attacking cells. Antibody-mediated immunity utilizes antibodies, or immunoglobulins. Both types of adaptive immunity will be used when copies of a given antigen have entered body cells and are present in extracellular fluid.
Fall semester final exams, often the highest-stress time in a semester, tend to happen in December. Flu season typically starts in late fall. Which of the following would you expect to see happen to flu cases on a college campus in December, and why?
A) Flu cases will be expected to decrease as stress levels rise due to decreased cortisol secretion. B) Flu cases will be expected to increase as stress levels rise due to increased cortisol secretion. C) Flu cases will be expected to decrease as stress levels rise due to increased cortisol secretion. D) Flu cases will be expected to increase as stress levels rise due to decreased cortisol secretion. B is correct -> Under stress, people are less likely to enhance their immunity by partaking in behaviors that do not optimize immune function like the lack of sufficient sleep. Cortisol is considered the primary stress hormone, and is released when the body is under stress. Sustained levels of increased cortisol may inhibit immune activity; therefore, when the body is under more stress and more cortisol is released, the immune system may be suppressed over time. Considering final exams and flu season occur concurrently, you would expect to see flu cases increase as stress levels rise due to increased cortisol secretion.
Final exams are the most stressful time in a college semester. Fall final exams tend to happen in December and flu season typically starts in late fall. What trend in flu cases would you expect to see on a college campus in December, and why?
A) Flu cases will be expected to decrease as stress levels rise due to increased cortisol secretion. B) Flu cases will be expected to increase as stress levels rise due to decreased cortisol secretion. C) Flu cases will be expected to decrease as stress levels rise due to decreased cortisol secretion. D) Flu cases will be expected to increase as stress levels rise due to increased cortisol secretion. D is correct -> Cortisol has been shown to suppress immune system function. Therefore, flu cases will be expected to increase as stress levels rise due to increased cortisol secretion.
These antibodies appear as monomers and dimers.
A) IgE B) IgM C) IgG D) IgD E) IgA E is correct awnser-> IgA antibodies occur as monomers and dimers. The levels decrease during stress which lowers resistance to infection.
Which is not true of the cisterna chyli?
A) It develops into a portion of the thoracic duct. B) It is located inferior to the diaphragm. C) It maintains connections to its veins. D) It is located at the posterior abdominal wall. C is correct awnser-> The cisterna chyli is a sac that develops inferior to the diaphragm on the posterior abdominal wall. It gives rise to the inferior portion of the thoracic duct and the cisterna chyli of the thoracic duct. The cisterna chyli loses its connections with surrounding veins.
Select the false statement.
A) Lingual tonsils lie at the base of the tongue. B) The adenoid is the pharyngeal tonsil. C) Palatine tonsils are commonly removed during tonsillectomy. D) Palatine tonsils are located in the nasopharynx. D is correct -> The two palatine tonsils are commonly removed in a tonsillectomy. They lie at the posterior region of the oral cavity, one on either side. The adenoid is the pharyngeal tonsil. Lingual tonsils lie at the base of the tongue.
Which lymphatic system pairing is correct?
A) Lymphatic capillaries transport lymphatic fluid to lymph nodes. B) Lymphatic channels interstitial fluid enters via pressure dynamics and cellular movement. c) Lymphatic trunks receive lymphatic fluid from the venous system. D) Lymphatic vessels transport fluid from lymph nodes to main lymph channels. D is correct -> Lymphatic capillaries merge to form larger vessels, called lymphatic vessels, which convey lymph in and out of lymph nodes. Lymphatic trunks form from the union of lymphatic vessels exiting lymph nodes. Lymphatic vessels transport fluid from lymph nodes to main lymph channels. Lymphatic fluid is transported directly into the venous system by lymphatic channels.
An important first step in any adaptive immunity response is recognition of
A) MHC-I molecules B) antigen-MHC complex C) chemokines D) MHC-II molecules A is correct -> MHC-I (class I major histocompatibility complex) molecules are built into plasma membranes of all body cells except red blood cells. The display of an endogenous foreign antigen bound to a MHC-I molecule signals that a cell has been infected and needs help thus triggering an adaptive immunity response.
Select the true statement regarding natural killer and cytotoxic T cells.
A) Natural killer cell activities may cause release of phagocytes from infected host cells. B) Cytotoxic T cells are part of the innate immune system. C) Natural killer cells have the same membrane molecules as B and T cells. D) Cytotoxic T cells release granzymes. D is correct awnser -> Cytotoxic T cells are part of the adaptive (specific) immune system. They can release granzymes leading to apoptosis of a target cell. Natural killer (NK) cells lack the membrane molecules that identify B and T cells. NK cells may cause microbes from infected cells that have undergone apoptosis to be released thus requiring phagocytes to destroy them.
If IgM antibodies are found, it can indicate
A) None of these B) a recent infection C) multiple infections D) an older infection B is correct -> IgM antibodies are the first antibodies to be released by plasma cells after the initial exposure to any antigen so it can indicate a recent infection.
The formation of antibodies proceeds in a stepwise fashion. Pick the incorrectly matched step in the process.
A) Plasma and memory cells are created via clonal selection. B) Peptide fragments of antigen are combined with MHC-1 self-antigens. C) T helper cells deliver interleukin-2 and other cytokines for costimulation. D) Antigen binds to integral transmembrane protein. B is correct awnser -> In the presence of a foreign antigen, specific B cells in lymphatic tissue become activated when an antigen binds to integral transmembrane proteins called B-cell receptors (BCRs). Then it undergoes clonal selection forming plasma cells and memory cells. To activate a B cell, antigen processing occurs and peptide fragments of the antigen are combined with MHC-II to form the antigen-MHC-II complex. Helper T cells recognize the complex and deliver the costimulation, interleukin-2 and other cytokines, needed for B cell proliferation and differentiation.
Both T cells and B cells develop tolerance through deletion and energy.
A) TRUE B) FAlSE TRUE is correct awnser -> T cells undergo deletion or anergy within the thymus or after leaving it. B cells may also develop self-tolerance through deletion and anergy. B cells mostly undergo deletion while developing in bone marrow, meanwhile anergy is the main mechanism once B cells are released into the blood.
A married couple is seeking fertility testing because they've been trying for more than a year to have a baby. Which of the following could explain why conceiving may be difficult for this couple even though the male's sperm analysis is normal?
A) The female's immune response could be attacking the sperm as foreign cells. B) All of the choices are possible. C) The lymphatic system may not be properly thinning out the cervical mucous plug. D) The IgG antibodies may not not present for conception. HINT: Which of these would you expect the lymphatic system to do that could contribute to the sperm not finding the egg? A is correct awnser-> In females, sperm deposited in the vagina are not normally attacked as foreign invaders due to inhibition of immune responses. Approximately 1 million sperm enter the uterus and about 10,000 make it to the organ. The rest of the sperm are attacked and absorbed as white blood cells. Although rare, it could possibly happen that the female's immune system could be attacking the sperm and thinking it's a foreign cell.
Your patient has a deep puncture wound on her foot from stepping on a rusty nail. Which of the following is true based on this information?
A) The release of interferon from the damaged cells at the wound will keep any invading microbes from causing infection. B) Bacteria may enter the wound but the underlying epidermal structures will prevent microbes from entering the blood. C) The wound puts her at risk of infection because a part of the innate immune system has been compromised. D) Prostaglandins from NK cells will be activated to form histamine; this will cause vasodilation in the area of the wound. C is correct -> The wound puts her at risk of infection because a part of the innate immune system has been compromised. The largest organ with immune function in the body is the skin which is involved in innate immunity.There are two lines of defense that make up the innate immunity response. The first line of defense includes the physical and chemical barriers of the skin and mucous membranes. The second line of defense consists of antimicrobial substances: interferons, which complement iron-binding proteins, and antimicrobial proteins, and also natural killer cells, phagocytes, inflammation, and fever. When pathogens penetrate the physical and chemical barriers of the skin and mucous membranes, they encounter the second line of defense.
Natural killer cell activity may release live pathogens from infected body cells.
A) True B) False TRUE is correct awnser -> Natural killer cells release granzymes which are protein-digesting enzymes that induce the target cell to undergo apoptosis. This kills infected cells, but not the microbes inside the cells so the released microbes are then destroyed by phagocytes.
Which two have an identical structure?
A) Which two have an identical structure? B) the antibody that was created and the antigen receptor that first bound the antigen C) the recombined gene segment and the antigen D) the antigen and the created antibody B is correct awnser -> Different foreign antigens result in different B cells to develop into plasma cells and their accompanying memory B cells. All of the B cells of a particular clone can secrete only one type of antibody that is identical to the antigen receptor displayed by the first B cell that responded.
If you were doing a risk-assessment analysis and had to determine who was at greatest risk for getting sick, which of the following people would be at the top of your list?
A) a 67-year-old woman who is one day away from starting her retirement B) a 46-year-old man who was recently laid off and has no unemployment benefits C) a 25-year-old man who just got accepted to nursing school last week D) an 8-year-old girl at day camp during summer vacation B is correct -> Through psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) research it appears that your thoughts, feelings, moods, and beliefs influence your level of health, immune function, and the course of disease. People resistant to negative health effects of stress are more likely to experience a sense of control over the future, commitment to their work with expectations of generally positive outcomes, and feelings of social support. Therefore, a 46-year-old man who was recently laid off and has no unemployment benefits is most at risk for getting sick.
Infectious mononucleosis is caused by the
A) active antiretroviral virus B) human immunodeficiency virus C) Two of the choices are correct. D) Epstein-Barr virus D is correct awnser -> EBV or Epstein Barr virus known as "mono" is a very contagious disease. The virus infects B cells and multiplies. There is no cure for mono but just to let the virus run its course.
What circumstance may cause a mature T cell that has emerged from the thymus to become anergic?
A) an encounter with an unfamiliar self-protein and a lack of costimulator B) an encounter with an unfamiliar self-protein C) a lack of costimulator D) a deletion signal A is correct awnser -> In the development of self-tolerance, cells undergo a process called negative selection that occurs via deletion and anergy. Both deletion and anergy may occur within the thymus or after cells leaving it. Mature T cells that emerge from the thymus may still become anergic if they encounter an unfamiliar self-protein and there is no costimulator.
The first line of defense against infection includes which of the following?
A) antibodies B) interferons C) cytoxic T cells D) saliva C is correct -> The largest organ with immune function in the body is the skin which is involved in innate immunity.There are two lines of defense that make up the innate immunity response. The first line of defense includes the physical and chemical barriers of the skin and mucous membranes (saliva). The second line of defense consists of antimicrobial substances: interferons which complement the iron-binding proteins, and antimicrobial proteins. There are also natural killer cells, phagocytes, inflammation, and fever. When pathogens penetrate the physical and chemical barriers of the skin and mucous membranes, they encounter the second line of defense. Cytotoxic T cells are a part of cell-mediated immunity and directly attack invading antigens.
All of the following may act as an antigen EXCEPT
A) cell walls B) substances without immunogenicity or reactivity C) capsules D) flagella B is correct awnser -> An antigen is a substance that can provoke an immune response (immunogenicity) once it is seen as foreign and react with antibodies or cells that result from the immune response (reactivity). If the substance does not have immunogenicity or reactivity then it cannot act as an antigen.
You are working as a nurse who is helping a patient that received a blood transfusion. The lab, unfortunately, mixed the donor blood bags up and the patient received blood with antibodies that attach to the patient's own red blood cells. What type of reaction should you expect?
A) cytotoxic B) anaphylactic C) cell-mediated D) immune-complex HINT: This reaction damages cells by causing them to rupture. A_ is correct awnser -> Type II (cytotoxic) reactions are caused by antibodies directed against antigens on a personʼs blood cells or tissue cells. Type II reactions, which may occur in incompatible blood transfusion reactions, damage cells by causing lysis.
Which development is NOT part of self-recognition and self-tolerance?
A) deletion B) positive selection C) All are included in the processes of self-recognition and self-tolerance. D) negative selection C is correct awnser -> Self-recognition is the process when T cells recognize your own major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins via positive selection. Self-tolerance is when T cells lack reactivity to peptide fragments from your own proteins via negative selection. Negative selection occurs via deletion and anergy. Deletion is when self-reactive T cells undergo apoptosis and die. Anergy is when they remain alive, but are unresponsive to antigenic stimulation. Therefore, positive selection, negative selection, and deletion (part of negative selection) are all included in the processes of self-recognition and self-tolerance.
These are epithelial cells in the medulla that have arranged themselves into concentric layers.
A) dendritic corpuscles. B) epithelial corpuscles. C) concentric corpuscles. D) thymic corpuscles. D is correct awnser-> Thymic corpuscles are clusters of epithelial cells that have become concentric layers of keratohyalin granules and keratin. The corpuscles are thought to serve as sites in the medulla for T cell death. The medulla consists of widely scattered, more mature T cells, epithelial cells, dendritic cells, and macrophages.
An antigen present inside body cells will provoke a response by a
A) helper T cell B) plasma cell C) B cell D) cytotoxic T cell D is correct awnser -> Cytotoxic T cells are activated when they recognize protein complexes of foreign antigens inside a body cell.
Cytolysis is the result of the activity of perforins produced by
A) helper T cells B) natural killer cells and Cytotoxic T cells C) natural killer cells D) Cytotoxic T cells B is correct -> Natural killer cells and cytotoxic T cells can release perforin which causes cytolysis, or cell bursting.
IgA antibodies are provided by the ________________ and _________________ systems.
A) integumentary; digestive B) endocrine; urinary C) respiratory; digestive D) reproductive; endocrine A is correct awnser-> IgA antibodies are mainly in sweat, tears, saliva, mucus, breast milk, and gastrointestinal secretions. Therefore, IgA antibodies are provided by the integumentary and digestive systems.
Which is untrue of the skeletal muscle pump?
A) is a result of skeletal muscle contractions B) compresses lymphatic vessels C) forces lymph towards the junction of the subclavian and internal jugular veins D) compresses arterioles D is correct awnser-> The skeletal muscle pump aids in the return of venous blood to the heart and the flow of lymph. The contractions or "milking action" of the skeletal muscle compresses lymphatic vessels and forces lymph toward the junction of the internal jugular and subclavian veins.
The development of the lymph sacs occurs in which of the following orders?
A) jugular lymph sacs, posterior lymph sacs, retroperitoneal lymph sacs B) posterior lymph sacs, jugular lymph sacs, retroperitoneal lymph sacs C) posterior lymph sacs, retroperitoneal lymph sacs, jugular lymph sacs D) jugular lymph sacs, retroperitoneal lymph sacs, posterior lymph sacs HINT: Consider that these sacs develop directionally from superior to inferior in relation to the body. D is correct awnser-> The first lymph sacs to appear are the paired jugular lymph sacs at the junction of the internal jugular and subclavian veins. The second lymph sac to appear is the unpaired retroperitoneal lymph sac at the root of the mesentery of the intestine. It develops from the primitive vena cava and mesonephric (primitive kidney) veins. The last of the lymph sacs, the paired posterior lymph sacs, develop from the iliac veins.
Proteins of the complement system can act in all of the following ways EXCEPT
A) leukotriene production B) inflammation C) phagocytosis D) cytolysis A is correct awnser-> The proteins in the complement system destroy microbes by causing phagocytosis, cytolysis, and inflammation, in addition to preventing excessive damage to body tissues.
Lymphatic capillaries pick up fluid that escapes from blood capillaries. Fluid within lymphatic vessels is best described as ___________.
A) lymph B) interstitial fluid C) plasma D) lymphoid tissue A is correct -> Lymph was interstitial fluid that has now passed into lymphatic vessels. Lymph is located within lymphatic tissue. The thymus is considered a lymphatic organ.
These cross the placenta to provide protection to a developing fetus.
A) macrophages B) cytokines C) IgG antibodies D) IgA antibodies _ is correct ->
The retroperitoneal lymph sac develops from the
A) mesonephric veins and subclavian veins B) subclavian veins C) internal jugular vein D) primitive vena cava _ is correct -> The first lymph sacs to appear during embryo development are the paired jugular lymph sacs. They are located at the junction of the internal jugular and subclavian veins. The next lymph sac to develop is the unpaired retroperitoneal lymph sac at the root of the mesentery of the intestine. This sac develops from the primitive vena cava and mesonephric (primitive kidney) veins.
Regarding homeostasis, which organ system below does the lymphatic system support by draining excess interstitial fluids and leaked plasma proteins from connective tissues around bones?
A) muscular B) nervous C) skeletal D) endocrine E) integumentary F) cardiovascular C is correct awnser -> The skeletal system supported by the lymphatic system helps to drain fluid and proteins from connective tisssue. The lymphatic system helps to maintain homestasis by draning out toxins and other harmful bacterias which defends the body. The lymphatic system also transports activated immune cells. Since the lymphatic system drains fluid from blood vessels, the lymph vessels are the site for fluid drainage and pump fluid using smooth and skeletal muscle.
Where does fetal hematopoiesis occur?
A) near veins in the spleen B) in splenic tissue containing granulocytes C) near veins in the spleen and in splenic tissue containing granulocytes D) near the central arteries C is correct -> Fetal hematopoiesis takes place near veins in the spleen and in splenic tissue containing granulocytes. Central arteries are made of lymphocytes and macrophages arranged around the branches of the splenic artery.
Pre-T cells, which are incapable of interacting with thymic epithelial cells, must undergo
A) negative selection B) deletion C) apoptosis D) self-tolerance C is correct -> Pre-T cells in the thymus express T-cell receptors (TCRs) that interact with MHC proteins in the thymic cortex via a process called positive selection. Due to this interaction, these T cells survive as they can recognize the MHC part of an antigen-MHC complex; the cells that don't interact with the thymic epithelial cells and, therefore, are unable to recognize the proteins undergo apoptosis.
In comparison to a lymph node, lymphatic nodules
A) never appear in aggregates B) are found in large aggregates in specific anatomical areas C) are localized to mucous membrane- associated connective tissue D) have a thinner capsule B is correct -> Lymphatic nodules are found in multiple large aggregations in specific parts of the body such as the tonsils, appendix , and the ileum of the small intestine. They are not considered organs because they lack a capsule.
All of the following are examples of the second line of defense EXCEPT
A) phagocytes B)antimicrobial substances C) fever D) physical barrier of skin E) inflammation D is correct -> The first two lines of defense fall under innate, or nonspecific, immunity. The first lines of defense are the physical and chemical barriers of the skin and mucous membranes. The second line of defense includes antimicrobial substances, natural killer cells, phagocytes, inflammation, and fever.
Which of the following people might be at greater risk of infection than normal due to high stress levels?
A) real estate agent who just made a big sale B) yoga teacher at a yoga retreat C) massage therapist at the end of the month D) college student before final exams D is correct -> It has been observed on college campuses that as the semester progresses and workload accumulates, there are more students in the waiting rooms of student health services. Under stress, people are less likely to enhance their immunity by partaking in behaviors that do not optimize immune function. People resistant to the negative health effects of stress are more likely to experience a sense of control. Especially over their future, commitment to their work with expectations of generally positive outcomes, and feelings of social support.
Many people will say that a newborn baby has no immune system. However, you know that's not true! What components of immunity are present in a baby at birth?
A) sebum B) saliva C) all the above are correct choices D) cilia HINT = Keep in mind the components of the immune system that humans are born with from section is the First Line of Defense in Skin and Mucous Membranes. C is correct -> Saliva, sebum, and cilia are all present at birth. Saliva is produced by the salviary glands and washes microbes and bacteria out of the mouth. Sebum is an oily substance that the sebaceous glands produce to protect your skin. Cilia are found on the mucous membrane of the respiratory tract and contain hairlike projections that move dust and bacteria out of the throat. A babys immune system starts working immediately after birth.
Which of the following best describes innate immunity?
A) specific recognition of a microbe B) a defense that is present at birth C) acts against all microbes differently D)adapts and adjust to handle a specific microbe B is correct -> The body has two main types of immunity: innate (nonspecific) and adaptive (specific) immunity. Innate immunity is present at birth. It consists of the physical and chemical barriers of the skin and mucous membranes in addition to inflammation, antimicrobial substances, natural killer cells, phagocytes, and fever.
If helper T function declines over time, B cell activity will
A) stay the same B)B cell activity is not influenced by helper T function. C) downregulate D) upregulate to maintain homeostasis C is correct -> Helper T cells cooperate with B cells to increase antibody production by plasma cells and secrete interleukin-2, which stimulates proliferation of T and B cells. If helper T function declines over time, B cell activity will also decline.
This is the ability to protect our bodies from damage or disease.
A) susceptibility B) homeostasis C) immunity C is correct -> Immunity is the ability to fight off damage or disease through our innate or adaptive defenses. This is done to maintain homeostasis. Weaknesses in our immune defense is called susceptibility.
The inability for the body to protect itself is
A) susceptibility B) immunity C) resistance D) homeostasis A is correct -> Weaknesses in our immune defense is called susceptibility. It is the inability for the body to protect itself. Immunity, or resistence, is the ability to fight off damage or disease through our innate or adaptive defenses. This is done to maintain homeostasis.
The spleen develops from which type of cells?
A) the third pharyngeal pouch B) mesenchymal cells C) lymphatic capillary plexuses D) subclavian veins HINT: Consider that spleen is developed from the same type of cells as most lymph sacs. B is correct awnser-> Most lymph sacs are invaded during development by mesenchymal cells and are converted into groups of lymph nodes with their specialized filtering tissue. The spleen develops from mesenchymal cells between layers of the dorsal mesentery of the stomach.
The main duct for the return of lymph to the venous system is the ______.
A) thoracic duct B) right lymphatic duct C) left thoracic duct D) cisterna A is correct awnser->The main duct for the return of lymph to the venous system is the thoracic duct. On the right side of the body, the three lymph trunks (right jugular trunk, right subclavian trunk, and right bronchomediastinal trunk) will form a right lymphatic duct. Lymph from the upper right quadrant of the body drains here. The cisterna chyli is a dilated long duct that receives lymph from the right and left lumbar trunks and from the intestinal trunk. There is not a left thoracic duct. The thoracic duct is also called the left lymphatic duct.
These help to "educate" pre-T cells through positive selection.
A) thymic corpuscles B) macrophages C) epithelial cells D) dendritic cells C is correct awnser-> The thymus is a primary lymphatic organ. It is bilobed and largest at puberty and then the functional portion atrophies with age. Each thymic lobule consists of a deeply staining outer cortex and a lighter-staining central medulla. In the cortex, there arespecialized epithelial cells that have several long processes surrounding and serving as framework for as many as 50 T cells. These epithelial cells help "educate" the pre-T cells in a process known as positive selection. Also, they produce thymic hormones that are thought to aid in the maturation of T cells. Only about 2% of developing T cells survive in the cortex. The remaining cells die via apoptosis.
This is the largest mass of lymphatic tissue in the body.
A) thymus B) spleen C) stomach D) large intestine B is correct awnser-> The spleen is the largest single mass of lymphatic tissue in the body. The speed is a soft, oval, encapsulated organ. On average, it is about 12 cm long and can fit in a person's open hand. The thymus is a bilobed organ located in the mediastinum between the sternum and the aorta. The intestines contain lymphatic tissue but are not a primary lymphatic system organ. The stomach does not play a part of the immune system.
Assuming he has no major diseases, which of the following would be the most UNLIKELY finding on 82 year old Otto's routine CBC and differential test taken during his annual physical?
A) total number of B cells and T cells is 55% of all white blood cells B) hematocrit of 47% C) total white blood cell count of 8,000 cells/microliter D)hemoglobin level of 16 g/100 milliliters HINT: Consider that normal levels of lymphocytes represents only about 20-25% of all leukocytes. A is correct awnser -> Since Otto is an aged patient, it is most unlikely that B and T cell numbers have increased as the thymus that produces the hormone that causes T cells' maturation has likely atrophied. Helper T cells activate B cells, so if there are low levels of one, there will be low levels of the other.
Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is exemplified by incompatible blood transfusion reactions, which damage cells by causing lysis.
A) type IV B) type II C) type III D) type I B is correct -> There are four basic types of hypersensitivity reactions: type I (anaphylactic), type II (cytotoxic), type III (immune-complex), and type IV (cell-mediated). Type II is caused by IgG or IgM antibodies that fight against the antigens on a person's blood or tissue cells. This may occur in incompatible blood transfusion reactions leading to the lysis of cells.
The respiratory pump moves lymphatic fluid by which mechanism?
A) valvular dilation B) smooth muscle contraction C) directing flow from an area of low pressure to an area of high pressure D) skeletal muscle contraction B is correct awnser-> The smooth muscle of the lymphatic vessel aids in moving lymph along from one segment of the vessel to the next. Lymph flow is maintained by pressure changes that happen during inhalation, the lymph moves from the abdominal region that has higher pressure to the thoracic region which has lower pressure. Exhalation reverses the pressure causing the valves in the vessels to prevent the lymph from reversing. Skeletal muscles cause a "milking action" when contracting the lymphatic vessels and veins forcing lymph to move towards the junction of the internal jugular and subclavian veins. Lymph needs contracting to flow to vessels, not dilation.
You are infected with microbe "A" in January and recover. In June, microbe "B" infects you and you recover. In October, microbe "A" infects you again and you recover quickly. Which responses are responsible for which microbial infection recovery?
A)primary/secondary/primary B)primary/secondary/secondary C)primary/primary/secondary D)secondary/secondary/primary C is correct awnser -> Primary and secondary responses happen during microbial infections. When you recover from an infection without taking antimicrobial drugs, it is usually due to the primary response. If you become infected later by the same microbe, then the secondary response will destroy the microbes before any signs or symptoms of infection appear. The first time you are infected with microbes A and B, the primary response contributed to your recovery. The second time you are infected by microbe A the secondary response takes over.
Stem cell maturation occurs in______lymphatic tissues/organs.
Hint: Consider that these organs include the red bone marrow and the thymus. correct-> primary Primary lymphoid organs are the sites where stem cells divide and become immunocompetent, capable of mounting an immune response. The primary lymphoid organs are the red bone marrow (in flat bones and the epiphyses of some long bones of adults) and the thymus.
Women are more likely to get urinary tract infections because, while urine is a type of_____immunity that washes out the urethra on a regular basis, the urethra is much shorter in women and thus bacteria are more likely to enter the urinary tract organs.
INNATE is correct -> Innate non specific immunity includes barriers provided by mucous membranes. These specific barriers are the first line of defense against bacteria.
Innate immunity options-> A) prevents microbes from entering the body B) ignores microbes that do enter the body, leaving them for the adaptive immune system C) targets specific microbes D) uses lymphocytes in it's fight
prevents microbes from entering the body reason: The body has two main types of immunity: innate (nonspecific) and adaptive (specific) immunity. Innate immunity prevents microbes from entering the body and then tries to help eliminate those that do gain access. It is considered an early warning system in the immune system.
