chapter 23

Restoration

(English) The period of the 1660s-1680s when Charles II was called by Parliament to take his throne and was thus restored to power.

Elect

A doctrine made famous by John Calvin that posits the notion that only a small minority (i.e., the "Elect") of the human race is predestined for salvation.

Bill of Rights

A law enacted by Parliament that established certain limits of royal powers and the specific rights of English citizens.

Act of Supremacy of 1534

A law enacted by the English Parliament, making the monarch the head of the Church of England.

Edict of Nantes

A law granting toleration to French Calvinists that was issued in 1598 by King Henry IV to end the religious civil war.

Martin Luther (1483-1546)

Began the Protestant Reformation with his famous Ninety-Five Theses. Also noted for his translation of the Bible into German.

justification by faith

Doctrine held by Martin Luther whereby Christian faith alone, and not good works, could be the path to heavenly bliss.

John Calvin (1509-1564)

French theologian who developed the system of Christian theology called Calvinism, as delineated in his text, The Institutes of the Christian Religion.

The Institutes of the Christian Religion

John Calvin's major work that established the theology and doctrine of the Calvinist churches; first published in 1536.

Henry VIII (1491-1547)

King of England, 1509 until his death in 1547, Henry was a strong ruler and an important figure of the Protestant Reformation. He defied the pope by signing the Act of Supremacy, which established the monarch as the supreme head of the Church of England.

Ignatius of Loyola (1491-1556)

Major figure of the Catholic Counter-Reformation who founded the Society of Jesus, or Jesuits.

Jesuit Order

Members of the Society of Jesus, a Catholic religious order founded in 1547 to combat Protestantism.

Anabaptists

Radical Protestant reformers who were condemned by both Lutherans and Catholics.

Romanov Dynasty

Ruled Russia from 1613 until 1917.

Cardinal Richelieu (1585-1642)

Secretary of state to King Louis XIII and principal architect of royal absolutism in France that was created under the Bourbon monarchy.

Counter-Reformation

Series of measures that the Catholic Church took in the 1540s to counterattack against the Protestants, including a thorough examination of doctrines and practices and an emphasis on instruction of the young and of all Christians.

Puritans

The English Calvinists who were dissatisfied by the theology of the Church of England and wished to "purify" it.

Glorious Revolution of 1688

The English revolt against the unpopular Catholic king James II and the subsequent introduction of certain civil rights restricting monarchic powers.

Ninety-five Theses

The challenge to church authority publicized by Martin Luther, October 31, 1517.

Hanoverian Dynasty

The dynasty of British monarchs after 1714; from the German duchy of Hanover.

Habsburg Dynasty

The family that controlled the Holy Roman Empire after the thirteenth century; based in Vienna, they ruled Austria until 1918.

Ivan the Terrible (Ivan IV: 1530-1584)

The first ruler of Russia to assume the title of tsar. He overcame Mongol resistance to extend the Russian empire into Siberia.

Anglican Church

The official Protestant Church of England, with the monarch as its official head.

Reformation

The sixteenth-century upheaval led by Martin Luther and John Calvin that modified or in some cases rejected altogether some Catholic doctrine and practices; led to the establishment of Protestant churches.

intendants

The traveling officials appointed originally by Cardinal Richelieu to monitor the honesty and efficiency of provincial French authorities.

Treaty of Westphalia

The treaty that ended the Thirty Years' War in 1648; the first modern peace treaty, in that it established strategic and territorial gains as more important than religious or dynastic ones.

Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531)

Theologian of the early Protestant Reformation who was influential in establishing Protestantism in his native Switzerland.

Treaty of Utrecht

Treaty signed in 1713 that ended the War of the Spanish Succession. A defeat for King Louis XIV of France, it gave Britain access to the valuable trade of the Spanish Caribbean Islands.

Peace of Augsburg Pact

ending the German religious wars in 1555, dividing the country between Lutheran and Catholic hegemony.

Louis XIV King of France 1643-1715

famous as the leading Bourbon practitioner of royal absolutism and the builder of the royal chateau at Versailles.