Chapter 23 Communicable Diseases

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Artificial passive immunity

when you receive an injection prepared with antibodies that are produced by an animal or a human immune to the disease.

chemical barriers

enzymes in tear

ticks, flies, mosquitoes

examples of vectors

Through contaminated objects, vectors, and contaminated food and water

List three ways that communicable diseases are spread through indirect contact.

rickettsias

Microorganisms that enter the body through insect bites

Hepatitis C

Most common blood-borne infection in the US

Colds Influenza Pneumonia Step Throat Tuberculosis

Most common respiratory infections

antigens

Substances that can trigger an immune response

suppressor t cells

Suppress, or "turn off," helper T cells when the infection has been cleared

tuberculosis

Symptoms include fatigue, coughing, fever, weight loss, and night sweats.

strep throat

Symptoms include sore throat, fever, and enlarged lymph nodes in the neck.

Hepatitis C

Symptoms: jaundice, dark urine, fatigue, abdominal pain, and loss of appetite. It can lead to chronic liver disease, liver cancer, and liver failure.

inflammation

The common cold is a viral infection that causes

attaching to antigens to mark them for destruction. destroying invading pathogens. blocking viruses from entering body cells.

The different purposes of antibodies include

mucous membrane

The lining of various body cavities, including the nose, ears, and mouth

respiratory tract

The passageway that makes breathing possible

immunity

The state of being protected against a particular disease

T cells and B cells.

There are two types of lymphocytes

airborne trasmission

When an infected person sneezes or coughs, pathogens are released into the air as tiny droplets that can travel as far as 10 feet.

memory lymphocytes

When antigens activate certain T cells and B cells, the cells become

phagocytes

White blood cells that attack invading pathogens

tuberculosis

a bacterial disease that usually attacks the lungs.

strep throat

a bacterial infection spread by direct contact with an infected person or through airborne transmission.

infection

a condition that occurs when pathogens in the body multiply and damage body cells

communicable disease

a disease that is spread from one living organism to another or through the environment

virus

a piece of genetic material surrounded by a protein coat

influenza or the flu

a viral infection of the respiratory tract.

hepatitis

a viral infection that causes inflammation of the liver.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)

is a viral illness.

lyme disease

is transmitted to humans through tick bites.

bacteria

live almost anywhere on earth

protozoa

malaria is an example of?

chemical barriers

destroy those invaders.

contagious/ infectious diseases

occur when pathogens enter your body.

Natural passive immunity

occurs when antibodies pass from mother to child during pregnancy or while nursing.

avian flu

passed to humans if there is direct contact with infected birds or contaminated surfaces.

malaria

vector-borne diseases

epidemic

A disease outbreak that affects many people in the same place and at the same time

pandemic

A global outbreak of an infectious disease

giardia

A microorganism that infects the digestive system

immune system

A network of cells, tissues, organs, and chemicals that fights off pathogens

vaccine

A preparation of dead or weakened pathogens that are introduced into the body to stimulate an immune response

antibody

A protein that acts against a specific antigen

inflammatory response

A reaction to tissue damage caused by injury or infection

Lymphocytes

A specialized white blood cell that coordinates and performs many functions of specific immunity

jaundice

A yellowing of the skin and eyes

strep throat

An infection in the throat and tonsils caused by group A Streptococcus bacteria (group A strep)

pneumonia

An infection of the lungs in which the air sacs fill with pus and other liquids

vectors

An organism that carries and transmits pathogens to humans or other animals

killer t cells

Attack and destroy infected body cells but do not attack the pathogens

bacteria

Can be harmless, helpful, or cause diseases

Hepatitis B

Can be spread through sexual contact or contact with an infected person's blood.

Hepatitis cannot be treated with antibiotics because it is caused by a virus.

Can hepatitis be treated successfully with antibiotics? Explain.

bacteria

Can often be treated with antibiotics

Hepatitis A

Common symptoms include fever, vomiting, fatigue, abdominal pain, and jaundice.

emerging infections

Communicable diseases whose occurrence in humans has increased within the past two decades or threatens to increase in the near future

respiratory tract

Connects the outside world to the inside of your body

Something that can be spread from person to person or through the environment

Define the word communicable.

A virus invades living cells A virus begins to multiply A virus begins to take over other cells Disease sets in The bodys immune system jumps into action the virus is killed by the immune system

Explain the function of a virus?

transport across borders population movement resistance to antibiotics changes in food technology agents of bioterrorism

Factors Contribute to the Spread of Emerging Infections

Through swallowing or contact with water contaminated with untreated sewage

How are recreational water illnesses most commonly spread?

Transmitted through Direct Contact Indirect Contact Airborne Transmission

How do diseases spread?

puncture wounds, childbirth, and contact with infected animals

How do pathogens spread in direct contact?

Contaminated Objects Vectors Contaminated Food and Water

How do pathogens spread thru indirect contact?

The symptoms of the flu, which include high fever and fatigue, are more serious than the symptoms of the common cold.

How is a common cold different from the flu?

A pandemic is a global outbreak of an infection, while an epidemic is an outbreak in which many people in the same place at the same time are affected.

How is a pandemic different from an epidemic?

A virus is a piece of genetic material surrounded by a protein coat, while bacteria are single-celled microorganisms that live almost everywhere on Earth.

How is a virus different from bacteria?

avoid close contact with sick people wash your hands often avoid touching your mouth, eyes, and nose eat right and get physical activity to strengthen your immune system abstain from smoking

How to avoid respiratory infections? (6 steps)

infection

If your body does not fight off the invaders quickly and successfully, you develop an

antibodies bind to antigens

In the immune response,

respiratory tract

Includes: nose, throat, & lungs

Hepatitis C

Is most often spread by direct contact with needles that are contaminated with infected blood.

cirrhosis

Scarring of the liver

helper t cells

Trigger the production of B cells and killer T cells

the cold and the flu

Two of the most common communicable diseases

Hepatitis A

Usually attacks the digestive system through contact with the feces of an infected person.

Respiratory infections and hepatitis

What are the most common communicable diseases?

A substance that is capable of triggering an immune response

What is a phagocyte?

A communicable disease whose occurrence in humans has increased within the past two decades or threatens to increase in the near future

What is an emerging infection?

immunity produced by the injection of a vaccine

What is an example of active immunity?

Active immunity is produced by the immune system. Passive immunity is when the body receives antibodies from another person or animal.

What is the difference between active immunity and passive immunity?

To prevent further injury to tissue and to stop invading pathogens

What is the purpose of the inflammatory response?

inflammatory response

When a splinter or a cut becomes red and swollen, these are symptoms of the

mad cow disease

affects the brain functions of cattle.

Killed-virus vaccines

are made from dead pathogens.

Live-virus vaccines

are made from pathogens grown in laboratories.

Salmonella and E. coli

bacteria that sometimes live in animals' intestinal tracts.

Physical barriers

block pathogens from invading your body.

Hepatitis B

can cause liver failure and cirrhosis.

avian flu

causes by a virus that occurs naturally among birds

fungi

plantlike organisms that can cause diseases of the lungs, the mucous membranes, and the skin

Epidemiologists

public health professionals who investigate patterns and causes of disease and injury in humans.

bacteria

single-celled microorganisms

protozoa

single-celled microorganisms that are larger and more complex than bacteria

Physical barriers

skin

toxins

substances that kill cells or interfere with their functions

Recreational Water Illnesses (RWI)

swimming is a risk of getting:

influenza

symptoms include: high fever, fatigue, headache, muscle aches, and coughing.

Passive immunity

temporary, usually lasting only a few weeks or months.

Epidemiology

the study of the patterns, causes, and effects of health and disease conditions in defined populations.


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