Chapter 23 Communicable Diseases
Artificial passive immunity
when you receive an injection prepared with antibodies that are produced by an animal or a human immune to the disease.
chemical barriers
enzymes in tear
ticks, flies, mosquitoes
examples of vectors
Through contaminated objects, vectors, and contaminated food and water
List three ways that communicable diseases are spread through indirect contact.
rickettsias
Microorganisms that enter the body through insect bites
Hepatitis C
Most common blood-borne infection in the US
Colds Influenza Pneumonia Step Throat Tuberculosis
Most common respiratory infections
antigens
Substances that can trigger an immune response
suppressor t cells
Suppress, or "turn off," helper T cells when the infection has been cleared
tuberculosis
Symptoms include fatigue, coughing, fever, weight loss, and night sweats.
strep throat
Symptoms include sore throat, fever, and enlarged lymph nodes in the neck.
Hepatitis C
Symptoms: jaundice, dark urine, fatigue, abdominal pain, and loss of appetite. It can lead to chronic liver disease, liver cancer, and liver failure.
inflammation
The common cold is a viral infection that causes
attaching to antigens to mark them for destruction. destroying invading pathogens. blocking viruses from entering body cells.
The different purposes of antibodies include
mucous membrane
The lining of various body cavities, including the nose, ears, and mouth
respiratory tract
The passageway that makes breathing possible
immunity
The state of being protected against a particular disease
T cells and B cells.
There are two types of lymphocytes
airborne trasmission
When an infected person sneezes or coughs, pathogens are released into the air as tiny droplets that can travel as far as 10 feet.
memory lymphocytes
When antigens activate certain T cells and B cells, the cells become
phagocytes
White blood cells that attack invading pathogens
tuberculosis
a bacterial disease that usually attacks the lungs.
strep throat
a bacterial infection spread by direct contact with an infected person or through airborne transmission.
infection
a condition that occurs when pathogens in the body multiply and damage body cells
communicable disease
a disease that is spread from one living organism to another or through the environment
virus
a piece of genetic material surrounded by a protein coat
influenza or the flu
a viral infection of the respiratory tract.
hepatitis
a viral infection that causes inflammation of the liver.
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)
is a viral illness.
lyme disease
is transmitted to humans through tick bites.
bacteria
live almost anywhere on earth
protozoa
malaria is an example of?
chemical barriers
destroy those invaders.
contagious/ infectious diseases
occur when pathogens enter your body.
Natural passive immunity
occurs when antibodies pass from mother to child during pregnancy or while nursing.
avian flu
passed to humans if there is direct contact with infected birds or contaminated surfaces.
malaria
vector-borne diseases
epidemic
A disease outbreak that affects many people in the same place and at the same time
pandemic
A global outbreak of an infectious disease
giardia
A microorganism that infects the digestive system
immune system
A network of cells, tissues, organs, and chemicals that fights off pathogens
vaccine
A preparation of dead or weakened pathogens that are introduced into the body to stimulate an immune response
antibody
A protein that acts against a specific antigen
inflammatory response
A reaction to tissue damage caused by injury or infection
Lymphocytes
A specialized white blood cell that coordinates and performs many functions of specific immunity
jaundice
A yellowing of the skin and eyes
strep throat
An infection in the throat and tonsils caused by group A Streptococcus bacteria (group A strep)
pneumonia
An infection of the lungs in which the air sacs fill with pus and other liquids
vectors
An organism that carries and transmits pathogens to humans or other animals
killer t cells
Attack and destroy infected body cells but do not attack the pathogens
bacteria
Can be harmless, helpful, or cause diseases
Hepatitis B
Can be spread through sexual contact or contact with an infected person's blood.
Hepatitis cannot be treated with antibiotics because it is caused by a virus.
Can hepatitis be treated successfully with antibiotics? Explain.
bacteria
Can often be treated with antibiotics
Hepatitis A
Common symptoms include fever, vomiting, fatigue, abdominal pain, and jaundice.
emerging infections
Communicable diseases whose occurrence in humans has increased within the past two decades or threatens to increase in the near future
respiratory tract
Connects the outside world to the inside of your body
Something that can be spread from person to person or through the environment
Define the word communicable.
A virus invades living cells A virus begins to multiply A virus begins to take over other cells Disease sets in The bodys immune system jumps into action the virus is killed by the immune system
Explain the function of a virus?
transport across borders population movement resistance to antibiotics changes in food technology agents of bioterrorism
Factors Contribute to the Spread of Emerging Infections
Through swallowing or contact with water contaminated with untreated sewage
How are recreational water illnesses most commonly spread?
Transmitted through Direct Contact Indirect Contact Airborne Transmission
How do diseases spread?
puncture wounds, childbirth, and contact with infected animals
How do pathogens spread in direct contact?
Contaminated Objects Vectors Contaminated Food and Water
How do pathogens spread thru indirect contact?
The symptoms of the flu, which include high fever and fatigue, are more serious than the symptoms of the common cold.
How is a common cold different from the flu?
A pandemic is a global outbreak of an infection, while an epidemic is an outbreak in which many people in the same place at the same time are affected.
How is a pandemic different from an epidemic?
A virus is a piece of genetic material surrounded by a protein coat, while bacteria are single-celled microorganisms that live almost everywhere on Earth.
How is a virus different from bacteria?
avoid close contact with sick people wash your hands often avoid touching your mouth, eyes, and nose eat right and get physical activity to strengthen your immune system abstain from smoking
How to avoid respiratory infections? (6 steps)
infection
If your body does not fight off the invaders quickly and successfully, you develop an
antibodies bind to antigens
In the immune response,
respiratory tract
Includes: nose, throat, & lungs
Hepatitis C
Is most often spread by direct contact with needles that are contaminated with infected blood.
cirrhosis
Scarring of the liver
helper t cells
Trigger the production of B cells and killer T cells
the cold and the flu
Two of the most common communicable diseases
Hepatitis A
Usually attacks the digestive system through contact with the feces of an infected person.
Respiratory infections and hepatitis
What are the most common communicable diseases?
A substance that is capable of triggering an immune response
What is a phagocyte?
A communicable disease whose occurrence in humans has increased within the past two decades or threatens to increase in the near future
What is an emerging infection?
immunity produced by the injection of a vaccine
What is an example of active immunity?
Active immunity is produced by the immune system. Passive immunity is when the body receives antibodies from another person or animal.
What is the difference between active immunity and passive immunity?
To prevent further injury to tissue and to stop invading pathogens
What is the purpose of the inflammatory response?
inflammatory response
When a splinter or a cut becomes red and swollen, these are symptoms of the
mad cow disease
affects the brain functions of cattle.
Killed-virus vaccines
are made from dead pathogens.
Live-virus vaccines
are made from pathogens grown in laboratories.
Salmonella and E. coli
bacteria that sometimes live in animals' intestinal tracts.
Physical barriers
block pathogens from invading your body.
Hepatitis B
can cause liver failure and cirrhosis.
avian flu
causes by a virus that occurs naturally among birds
fungi
plantlike organisms that can cause diseases of the lungs, the mucous membranes, and the skin
Epidemiologists
public health professionals who investigate patterns and causes of disease and injury in humans.
bacteria
single-celled microorganisms
protozoa
single-celled microorganisms that are larger and more complex than bacteria
Physical barriers
skin
toxins
substances that kill cells or interfere with their functions
Recreational Water Illnesses (RWI)
swimming is a risk of getting:
influenza
symptoms include: high fever, fatigue, headache, muscle aches, and coughing.
Passive immunity
temporary, usually lasting only a few weeks or months.
Epidemiology
the study of the patterns, causes, and effects of health and disease conditions in defined populations.
