Chapter 23 Fungi Dr. Mata Biology 101-104
Photobiont
a photosynthetic partner of symbiotic pair, such as the algal component of the fungal-algal association in lichens.
Mycelium/mycelia
a vegetative part of a fungus, consisting of a network of fine white filaments (hyphae).
Lichens are vegetative bodies composed of symbiotic associations of a. fungi and photosynthetic organisms. b. heterotrophic bacteria and fungi. c. bacteria and photosynthetic organisms. d. fungi and heterotrophic protists. e. any of these
a. fungi and photosynthetic organisms
Endophytic fungi
an endosymbiont, often a bacterium or fungus, that lives within a plant for at least part of its life cycle without causing apparent disease.
Saprobes
an organism that derives its nourishment from nonliving or decaying organic matter
Parasites
an organism that lives in or on another organism (its host) and benefits by deriving nutrients at the host's expense.
Decomposers
an organism, especially a soil bacterium, fungus, or invertebrate that decomposes organic material.
Alkaloids
any of a class of nitrogenous organic compounds of plant origin that have pronounced physiological actions on humans.
Zygomycetes
any of a wide variety of common fungi constituting the phylum Zygomycota of the kingdom Fungi (or the class Zygomycetes of the kingdom Plantae), in which sexual reproduction is by the formation of zygospores.
Chytrids
any of the simple, algae like fungi constituting the class Chytridiomycetes, order Chytridiales, of aquatic and soil environments, having flagellated zoospores and little or no mycelium.
Mushrooms are found in which of the following? a. Ascomycota b. Basidiomycota c. imperfect fungi d. Chytridiomycota e. Zygomycota
b. Basidiomycota
Which organism is a zygomycete? a. water mold b. smut or rust c. bread mold d. truffle e. yeast
c. bread mold
The walls of fungi are reinforced with a. cellulose. b. lignin. c. chitin. d. pectin. e. protein
c. chitin
Lichens are particularly intolerant of _____ despite their tolerance for harsh environments. a. drought b. cold c. bright sunlight d. airborne pollutants e. shade
d. airborne pollutants
Fungi are a. chemosynthetic. b. chemoautotrophic. c. autotrophic. d. heterotrophic. e. all of these
d. heterotrophic
Hypha/hyphae
each of the branching filaments that make up the mycelium of a fungus
Symbiosis
interaction between two different organisms living in close physical association, typically to the advantage of both.
Endomycorrhizae
is a symbiotic association composed of a fungus and roots of a vascular plant.
Gills
one of the radiating vertical plates on the underside of the cap of an argaric mushroom
Extracellular digestion and absorption
process in which saprobionts feed by secreting enzymes through the cell membrane onto the food. The enzymes catalyse the digestion of the food into molecules small enough to be taken up by passive diffusion, transport or phagocytosis.
Fungi
any of a group of unicellular, multicellular, or syncytial spore-producing organisms feeding on organic matter, including molds, yeast, mushrooms, and toadstools.
Major role of fungi in ecosystems
Fungi break down and decompose dead plants and animals. The will also form mutually beneficially relationships with trees and shrubs.
Club fungi
any basidiomycete fungus belonging to the family Clavariaceae.
Mycorrhizae are a. the small roots in the root systems of trees. b. endosymbiotic bacteria associated with plant roots. c. fungus and tree root mutualistic associations. d. parasitic fungal infections of tree roots. e. endosymbiotic fungal cells associated with leaves.
c. fungus and tree root mutualistic associations
Saprobes are a. extensions from the main fungal body. b. fungal metabolic by-products. c. organisms that feed on dead material. d. parasites of plants and animals. e. organisms that feed on plant juices.
c. organisms that feed on dead material
Ectomycorrhizae
consist of a hyphal sheath, or mantle, covering the root tip and a Hartig net of hyphae surrounding the plant cells within the root cortex. In some cases, the hyphae may also penetrate the plant cells, in which case the mycorrhiza is called an ectendomycorrhiza.
Mushrooms
A fungal growth that typically takes the form of a domed cap on a stalk, often with gills on the underside of the cap
Yeasts
A microscopic fungus consisting of single oval cells that reproduce by budding, and are capable of converting sugar into alcohol and carbon dioxide.
Dikaryotic
A nuclear feature which is unique to some fungi (the alga Derberia is an exception). Compatible cell-types can fuse cytoplasms (plasmogamy). When this occurs, the two nuclei of two cells pair off and cohabit without fusing (karyogamy).
Asci
A sac, typically cylindrical in shape, in which the spores of ascomycete fungi develop.
Lichen
A simple slow-growing plant that typically forms a low crust-like, leaf like, or branching growth on rocks, walls, and trees.
Basidiospores
A spore produced by a basidium
Truffles
A strong-smelling underground fungus that resembles an irregular, rough-skinned potato, growing chiefly in broadleaved woodland on calcareous soils. It is considered a culinary delicacy and is found especially in France with the aid of trained dogs and pigs.
Mycorrhizae
A symbiotic association composed of a fungus and roots of vascular plant. In a mycorrhizal association, the fungus colonizes the host plant's roots, either intracellularly as in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi or extracellularly as in ectomycorrhizal fungi. They are an important component of soil life and soil chemistry. The association is generally mutualistic, but occasionally weakly pathogenic.
Sac fungi
Ascomycota is a division or phylum of the kingdom Fungi that, together with the Basidiomycota, form the subkingdom Dikarya. Its members are commonly known as the sac fungi or ascomycetes.
How fungi are different from other kingdoms
Fungi lack chloroplasts and are heterotrophic organisms, as energy sources. The fungal cell wall does not contain cellulose. Most fungi lack an efficient system for long-distance for long-distance transport of water and nutrients, such as the xylem and phloem in many plants.
Why a lichen is not a plant
The plant-like appearance of lichens hides their true identity. A lichen is not a single organism, but the result of a partnership (mutualistic symbiosis) between a fungus and an alga or cyanobacteria.
Imperfect fungi
a fungus for which only the asexual reproductive stage is known, as any fungus of the Fungi imperfecti.
Spores
a minute, typically one-celled, reproductive unit capable of giving rise to a new individual without sexual fusion, characteristic of lower plants, fungi, and protozoans.
Ascospores
spore contained in an ascus or that was produced inside an ascus. This kind of spore is specific to fungi classified as ascomycetes (Ascomycota). Typically, a single ascus will contain eight ascospores. The eight spores are produces by meiosis followed by mitotic division.
Mutualism
symbiosis that is beneficial to both organisms involved
Mycobiont
the fungal component of a lichen