Chapter 23 Fungi Dr. Mata Biology 101-104

Photobiont

a photosynthetic partner of symbiotic pair, such as the algal component of the fungal-algal association in lichens.

Mycelium/mycelia

a vegetative part of a fungus, consisting of a network of fine white filaments (hyphae).

Lichens are vegetative bodies composed of symbiotic associations of a. fungi and photosynthetic organisms. b. heterotrophic bacteria and fungi. c. bacteria and photosynthetic organisms. d. fungi and heterotrophic protists. e. any of these

a. fungi and photosynthetic organisms

Endophytic fungi

an endosymbiont, often a bacterium or fungus, that lives within a plant for at least part of its life cycle without causing apparent disease.

Saprobes

an organism that derives its nourishment from nonliving or decaying organic matter

Parasites

an organism that lives in or on another organism (its host) and benefits by deriving nutrients at the host's expense.

Decomposers

an organism, especially a soil bacterium, fungus, or invertebrate that decomposes organic material.

Alkaloids

any of a class of nitrogenous organic compounds of plant origin that have pronounced physiological actions on humans.

Zygomycetes

any of a wide variety of common fungi constituting the phylum Zygomycota of the kingdom Fungi (or the class Zygomycetes of the kingdom Plantae), in which sexual reproduction is by the formation of zygospores.

Chytrids

any of the simple, algae like fungi constituting the class Chytridiomycetes, order Chytridiales, of aquatic and soil environments, having flagellated zoospores and little or no mycelium.

Mushrooms are found in which of the following? a. Ascomycota b. Basidiomycota c. imperfect fungi d. Chytridiomycota e. Zygomycota

b. Basidiomycota

Which organism is a zygomycete? a. water mold b. smut or rust c. bread mold d. truffle e. yeast

c. bread mold

The walls of fungi are reinforced with a. cellulose. b. lignin. c. chitin. d. pectin. e. protein

c. chitin

Lichens are particularly intolerant of _____ despite their tolerance for harsh environments. a. drought b. cold c. bright sunlight d. airborne pollutants e. shade

d. airborne pollutants

Fungi are a. chemosynthetic. b. chemoautotrophic. c. autotrophic. d. heterotrophic. e. all of these

d. heterotrophic

Hypha/hyphae

each of the branching filaments that make up the mycelium of a fungus

Symbiosis

interaction between two different organisms living in close physical association, typically to the advantage of both.

Endomycorrhizae

is a symbiotic association composed of a fungus and roots of a vascular plant.

Gills

one of the radiating vertical plates on the underside of the cap of an argaric mushroom

Extracellular digestion and absorption

process in which saprobionts feed by secreting enzymes through the cell membrane onto the food. The enzymes catalyse the digestion of the food into molecules small enough to be taken up by passive diffusion, transport or phagocytosis.

Fungi

any of a group of unicellular, multicellular, or syncytial spore-producing organisms feeding on organic matter, including molds, yeast, mushrooms, and toadstools.

Major role of fungi in ecosystems

Fungi break down and decompose dead plants and animals. The will also form mutually beneficially relationships with trees and shrubs.

Club fungi

any basidiomycete fungus belonging to the family Clavariaceae.

Mycorrhizae are a. the small roots in the root systems of trees. b. endosymbiotic bacteria associated with plant roots. c. fungus and tree root mutualistic associations. d. parasitic fungal infections of tree roots. e. endosymbiotic fungal cells associated with leaves.

c. fungus and tree root mutualistic associations

Saprobes are a. extensions from the main fungal body. b. fungal metabolic by-products. c. organisms that feed on dead material. d. parasites of plants and animals. e. organisms that feed on plant juices.

c. organisms that feed on dead material

Ectomycorrhizae

consist of a hyphal sheath, or mantle, covering the root tip and a Hartig net of hyphae surrounding the plant cells within the root cortex. In some cases, the hyphae may also penetrate the plant cells, in which case the mycorrhiza is called an ectendomycorrhiza.

Mushrooms

A fungal growth that typically takes the form of a domed cap on a stalk, often with gills on the underside of the cap

Yeasts

A microscopic fungus consisting of single oval cells that reproduce by budding, and are capable of converting sugar into alcohol and carbon dioxide.

Dikaryotic

A nuclear feature which is unique to some fungi (the alga Derberia is an exception). Compatible cell-types can fuse cytoplasms (plasmogamy). When this occurs, the two nuclei of two cells pair off and cohabit without fusing (karyogamy).

Asci

A sac, typically cylindrical in shape, in which the spores of ascomycete fungi develop.

Lichen

A simple slow-growing plant that typically forms a low crust-like, leaf like, or branching growth on rocks, walls, and trees.

Basidiospores

A spore produced by a basidium

Truffles

A strong-smelling underground fungus that resembles an irregular, rough-skinned potato, growing chiefly in broadleaved woodland on calcareous soils. It is considered a culinary delicacy and is found especially in France with the aid of trained dogs and pigs.

Mycorrhizae

A symbiotic association composed of a fungus and roots of vascular plant. In a mycorrhizal association, the fungus colonizes the host plant's roots, either intracellularly as in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi or extracellularly as in ectomycorrhizal fungi. They are an important component of soil life and soil chemistry. The association is generally mutualistic, but occasionally weakly pathogenic.

Sac fungi

Ascomycota is a division or phylum of the kingdom Fungi that, together with the Basidiomycota, form the subkingdom Dikarya. Its members are commonly known as the sac fungi or ascomycetes.

How fungi are different from other kingdoms

Fungi lack chloroplasts and are heterotrophic organisms, as energy sources. The fungal cell wall does not contain cellulose. Most fungi lack an efficient system for long-distance for long-distance transport of water and nutrients, such as the xylem and phloem in many plants.

Why a lichen is not a plant

The plant-like appearance of lichens hides their true identity. A lichen is not a single organism, but the result of a partnership (mutualistic symbiosis) between a fungus and an alga or cyanobacteria.

Imperfect fungi

a fungus for which only the asexual reproductive stage is known, as any fungus of the Fungi imperfecti.

Spores

a minute, typically one-celled, reproductive unit capable of giving rise to a new individual without sexual fusion, characteristic of lower plants, fungi, and protozoans.

Ascospores

spore contained in an ascus or that was produced inside an ascus. This kind of spore is specific to fungi classified as ascomycetes (Ascomycota). Typically, a single ascus will contain eight ascospores. The eight spores are produces by meiosis followed by mitotic division.

Mutualism

symbiosis that is beneficial to both organisms involved

Mycobiont

the fungal component of a lichen