Chapter 23 Respiratory Wiley plus
Which of the following is NOT a conducting zone action? Clean air of debris Conduct air into the lungs Add water to air Warm air All of these are actions of the conducting zone.
All of these are actions of the conducting zone.
Which of the following is NOT a factor that affects pulmonary ventilation? Lung compliance Surface tension of alveolar fluid Elastic recoil of the chest wall and lungs Airway resistance All of these are factors that affect pulmonary ventilation
All of these are factors that affect pulmonary ventilation
Which of the following is the primary gas exchange site? Trachea Bronchiole Nasal sinuses Alveolus Bronchus
Alveolus
Carbon dioxide is created during
Cellular respiration.
When blood pH drops, the amount of oxyhemoglobin ______ and oxygen delivery to the tissue cells ______. Increases, increases Increases, decreases Decreases, increases Decreases, decreases Does not change, does not change
Decreases, increases
Which of the following is the dominant method of carbon dioxide transport? Bound to hemoglobin Bound to oxygen Dissolved in plasma as a gas Dissolved in plasma as bicarbonate ions Diffusion
Dissolved in plasma as bicarbonate ions
If each hemoglobin molecule has bound 3 oxygen molecules, the hemoglobin is considered to be saturated at what percentage? 30% 3% 50% 75%
75%
What percentage of oxygen is carried by red blood cells? 1.5% 85% 15% 98.5%
98.5%
Which of the following statements is INCORRECT? The higher the partial pressure of oxygen, the more oxygen combines with hemoglobin. Acidity increases the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen. Carbon dioxide decreases the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen. An increase in temperature results in an increase in oxygen release from hemoglobin. BPG (2,3-bisphosphoglycerate) decreases the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen.
Acidity increases the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen.
During quiet inhalation, which respiratory muscles contract? diaphragm and external intercostals diaphragm and internal intercostals internal and external intercostals diaphragm and external obliques diaphragm and internal obliques
diaphragm and external intercostals
Which structure prevents food or water from entering the trachea? Arytenoid cartilage Epiglottis Nasopharynx Thyroid cartilage Paranasal sinus
epiglottis
T/F Expiration is caused by the contraction of muscles.
false
T/F More oxygen would be found bound to hemoglobin in blood in the pulmonary artery than in the pulmonary vein.
false
T/F Oxygen is released from oxyhemoglobin at high pH.
false
Which of the following does not affect the binding of oxygen to hemoglobin? PO2 Heart rate pH Temperature
heart rate
All of the following statements are True EXCEPT 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate decreases the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen. hemoglobin will bind more oxygen when the partial pressure is low than when the partial pressure is high. oxygen dissociates more readily from hemoglobin as pH decreases. increased partial pressure of carbon dioxide increases oxygen dissociation from hemoglobin. decreasing temperature will cause a shift to the left in the hemoglobin saturation curve.
hemoglobin will bind more oxygen when the partial pressure is low than when the partial pressure is high.
Which of the below tissues maintains open airways in the lower respiratory system? stratified squamous epithelium with keratin ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells hyaline cartilage mucus membrane bone
hyaline cartilage
In response to low blood pH, ventilation will remain stable. increase. become staggered and non-rhythmic. decrease.
increase
After holding our breath briefly, what eventually forces us to take a breath? decreasing oxygen levels. increasing oxygen levels. decreasing carbon dioxide levels. increasing carbon dioxide levels. increasing blood pH.
increasing carbon dioxide levels.
In external respiration __________, while __________ occurs in internal respiration. oxygen moves from the alveoli to the pulmonary capillaries; carbon dioxide moves from the pulmonary capillaries to the alveoli. oxygen moves from the alveoli to the pulmonary capillaries; oxygen moves from the pulmonary capillaries to the alveoli. carbon dioxide moves from the alveoli to the pulmonary capillaries; carbon dioxide moves from the pulmonary capillaries to the alveoli. oxygen moves from the alveoli to the pulmonary capillaries; oxygen moves from the tissues to the systemic capillaries. oxygen moves from the alveoli to the pulmonary capillaries; carbon dioxide moves from the tissues to the systemic capillaries.
oxygen moves from the alveoli to the pulmonary capillaries; carbon dioxide moves from the tissues to the systemic capillaries.
Which of the below tissues forms the exchange surfaces of the alveolus? stratified squamous epithelium ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells simple squamous epithelium hyaline cartilage columnar connective tissue with goblet cells
simple squamous epithelium
T/F An increase in ventilation will increase blood pH.
true
T/F As the bronchial tree branches from bronchi to bronchioles, cartilage decreases while smooth muscle increases.
true
T/F Blood transports carbon dioxide from the cells to the lungs for removal.
true
T/F External respiration is when gases move from the alveolar compartments to the blood.
true
T/F Gas molecules move down their pressure gradient, from high to low gas pressure.
true
T/F Hydrogen ions released from the blood will decrease blood pH.
true
T/F The pH scale is used to measure hydrogen-ion concentration.
true
T/F The respiratory zone does NOT include any structures of the upper respiratory system.
true
Surfactant lowers the surface tension of alveolar fluid; it is produced by alveolar macrophages. fibroblasts. type I alveolar cells. type II alveolar cells. goblet cells.
type II alveolar cells.
Which of the following indicates the direction of diffusion of gases at the alveoli of the lungs? Oxygen into blood, Carbon dioxide into blood Oxygen out of blood, Carbon dioxide into blood Oxygen into blood, Carbon dioxide out of blood Oxygen out of blood, Carbon dioxide out of blood
Oxygen into blood, Carbon dioxide out of blood
One region with a low partial pressure for oxygen would be the alveolar space. blood leaving the heart through the aorta. actively contracting muscle tissue. all of these.
actively contracting muscle tissue.
What factors affect the rate of diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide? partial pressure difference of gases surface area diffusion distance molecular weight and gas solubility all of these
all of these
All of the following cause a decrease in lung volume during expiration, except elastic recoil of the lung. contraction of the diaphragm muscles. relaxation of the diaphragm muscles. all of these.
contraction of the diaphragm muscles.
Which is the correct sequence of events for inhalation? 1. pressure of the atmosphere is greater than the pressure within the thorax 2. volume of the thorax increases and the pressure within the thorax decreases 3. the diaphragm contracts 4. the phrenic nerve fires
4, 3, 2, 1
The internal structures of the external nose serve which of the following functions? 1. warming, moistening and filtering incoming air 2. creating resonance 3. increasing gas exchange
1 and 2
The respiratory and cardiovascular systems have all of the following functions in common EXCEPT 1. transport of gases. 2. exchange of gases 3. maintenance of blood pH
1, 2, and 3 are functions of both systems
The gas law that describes the pressure changes that occur during pulmonary ventilation is Boyle's law Charles' law Henry's law The inhalation law The law of partial pressure
Boyles law
Bicarbonate ions are converted into _____ at the alveolus. Oxygen Carbon Dioxide Both None of these
Carbon Dioxide
T/F Oxygen moves from the blood to the alveolar space because the PO2 in the lungs is higher.
False
Which of the following statements is INCORRECT? In internal and external respiration, oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse from areas of lower partial pressure to areas of higher partial pressure. External respiration involves exchange of gases between the alveoli and pulmonary blood capillaries. Internal respiration is the exchange of gases between systemic blood capillaries and tissue cells. None of these statements is incorrect.
In internal and external respiration, oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse from areas of lower partial pressure to areas of higher partial pressure.
Exhalation begins when Inspiratory muscles relax Diaphragm contracts Blood circulation is the lowest Both Inspiratory muscles relax and Diaphragm contracts All of these choices
Inspiratory muscles relax
The trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and terminal bronchioles combine to form what is often referred to as the bronchial tree. What is its function?
It is the conduction zone of the lower respiratory tract providing a conduit for gases to travel to the alveoli.
The MOST important factor that determines the percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin is red blood count volume of the blood PO2 heart rate PCO2
PO2
Which of the following is a passageway for air, food and water? Pharynx Larynx Paranasal sinuses Trachea Esophagus
Pharynx
What is the difference between the conducting zone and the respiratory zone of the respiratory system? The conducting zone is a series of cavities and tubes that move air to the respiratory zone where gases exchange with the bloodstream. The conducting zone exchanges gases between the lungs and the alveoli and the respiratory zone is a series of cavities and tubes that move air to the conducting zone. The conducting zone moves oxygen into the bloodstream and the respiratory zone takes carbon dioxide away from the bloodstream. The conducting zone moves oxygen into the cells and the respiratory zone takes carbon dioxide away from the cells.
The conducting zone is a series of cavities and tubes that move air to the respiratory zone where gases exchange with the bloodstream.
T/F Internal respiration is the exchange of gases between the blood and the body cells.
True
Which of the following are cells of the alveoli that produce surfactant? Type I alveolar cells Type II alveolar cells Type III alveolar cells Surface cells Macrophages
Type II alveolar cells
Which of the following is the movement of gases into and out of the lungs? Systemic circulation Internal respiration Ventilation All of these
Ventilation
A mechanical ventilator may aid directly in pulmonary ventilation. external respiration. internal respiration. pulmonary ventilation and external respiration are correct. pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, and internal respiration are correct.
pulmonary ventilation.
All of the following cause a increase in lung volume during inspiration, except elevation of the ribs via intercostal contraction. contraction of the diaphragm muscles. relaxation of the diaphragm muscles. all of these.
relaxation of the diaphragm muscles.