chapter 24 and 25

When eating dessert, you notice the sweetness of sugar when ________ are stimulated.

Chemoreceptors

Which of the following statements about hemoglobin is true?

Hemoglobin binds to oxygen and releases it near cells that are performing cellular respiration.

Which of the following statements best explains how one hormone can regulate several different developmental events?

One hormone can affect different types of target tissues in different ways.

Which of the following things happens during inhalation?

Oxygen-rich air enters the alveoli.

Which of the following statements about the peripheral nervous system (PNS) is NOT true?

The PNS may integrate and process information.

One side of the heart pumps blood into the pulmonary circuit, and the other side of the heart pumps blood to the systemic circuit. How do these different functions affect the structure of the heart?

The left side of the heart has a thicker muscular wall than the right side.

The steroid hormones testosterone, estradiol, and progesterone enter target cells and bind intracellular receptors to regulate gene expression. Based on this information, which of the following statements about steroid hormones must be correct?

They are mainly nonpolar and hydrophobic.

Which of the following statements about hormones is true?

They may regulate certain developmental periods of life.

Air that is entering the lungs has

a higher concentration of oxygen and a lower concentration of carbon dioxide than air in an alveolus.

Which of the following features could be found in a vein, but NOT in an artery?

a one-way valve

In cystic fibrosis, parts of the respiratory tract can become clogged with mucus, inhibiting gas exchange. The area(s) of the respiratory tract where gases are directly exchanged is/are the

alveoli.

The pulmonary ________ carries ________ blood from the heart to the lungs.

artery; oxygen-poor

The structures that carry signals away from the cell body of a neuron are called

axons

The blood vessels that allow diffusion between blood and nearby body cells are

capillaries.

The ________ of a neuron contain(s) all of the structures, such as a nucleus, that are common to animal cells.

cell body.

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is produced by the pituitary gland when the brain detects lower-than-optimum levels of water in the body. In the kidneys, ADH promotes the uptake of water, creating more concentrated urine. ADH travels from the pituitary gland to the kidneys through the

circulatory system.

For a human to inhale, the rib muscles and the diaphragm must

contract, decreasing pressure inside the lungs.

Which of the following sequences correctly describes the pathway that a signal travels in a neuron?

dendrite to cell body to axon

The branched structures on a nerve cell that receive information are called

dendrites

Which of the following processes is NOT a function of nephrons?

diffusion of oxygen into body cells

If the glomerulus remained intact but other capillaries were not in close physical contact with nephrons, which of the following functions would NOT be lost?

filtration of plasma

Once a hormone enters the bloodstream, it

is broken down after it has performed its function on the target cells.

A single hormone molecule can have dramatic effects on a target cell, because

it initiates a chain of events that amplifies its effect.

As you are driving to school one morning, the driver in front of you suddenly slams on his brakes and turns right without using his turning signal. Despite the potentially irritating situation, you remain calm because your ________ helped you control your emotions.

limbic system

The sensory receptor types that provide information about body position and balance to help you coordinate your dance moves are

mechanoreceptors.

Serotonin, one of the hormones thought to be involved in depression, is a water-soluble molecule. Where on the target cell would you expect to find receptors for this hormone?

on the outside of the plasma membrane

Which of the following sequences correctly describes the journey of a molecule of oxygen from the pharynx to an alveolus?

pharynx to trachea to bronchus to bronchiole to alveolus

The external signals and information that are received by an organism are called

stimuli

You accidentally rest your hand on a hot stove. This sensory information will ultimately be relayed to the appropriate part of your brain by the

thalamus

At high altitudes, gases are less concentrated. You might gasp for air, because

the amount of oxygen that could diffuse into your blood will be decreased.

Which of the following structures has the smallest diameter?

the bronchioles

As you take this exam, which part of your brain is helping you decide which answer is correct?

the cerebral cortex

By what mechanism do most hormones travel through the organism that produces them?

the circulatory system

Which of the following organs coordinate(s) communication between the endocrine system and the nervous system?

the hypothalamus

Which component of whole blood would an investigator examine to determine the concentration of dissolved carbon dioxide or hormones, such as testosterone?

the plasma

Which of the following does NOT facilitate exchange of materials by diffusion?

the presence of the extracellular matrix within connective tissue

The breaking open of alveoli in people who have emphysema decreases their rate of gas exchange because

their lungs have less surface area available for diffusion.

Sensory neurons that contain specialized membrane channels activated by moderate temperatures are

thermoreceptors

Which of the following functions occurs in the urinary bladder but NOT in nephrons?

urine storage

Large blood vessels that return deoxygenated blood from the legs to the heart are

veins