Chapter 24 Nation Building and Economic Transformation in the Americas, 1800-1900

Section 3 Review The Challenge of Social And Economic Change

- Following independence, American nations eventually abolished the slave trade and slavery. - After the abolition of slavery, a rush of immigrants from Europe and Asia diversified American nations, though most immigrants faced prejudice. - The long struggle to achieve women's rights and end radical and ethnic discrimination altered the Western Hemisphere's political culture. - Although most Western Hemisphere nations were richer in 1900 than in 1800, only Argentina could match the levels of average wealth found in the United States and Canada; nations and regions dependent on exporting raw materials remained underdeveloped. - Increased logging, grazing, and mining ruined vast areas of the hemisphere, but minor conservation efforts were under way by the end of the nineteenth century.

Section 1 Review Independence in Latin America, 1800-1830

- The French invasion of Portugal and Spain created a political crisis in their American colonies that in turn led to independence movements. - Under the leadership of Simón Bolívar, several South American countries gained independence. - Mexico gained independence after a long and destructive war. - Led by the son of the Portuguese king, Brazil gained independence as a monarchy.

Section 2 Review The Problem of order, 1825-1890

- The new nations of the Western Hemisphere, including the United States, found it difficult to establish constitutional governments. - Charismatic military leaders with large followings, like Andrew Jackson and José Antonio Páez, often took power and challenged constitutional limits on presidential power. - Secessionist movements and civil wars threatened the survival of many Latin American nations and the United States. - Wars with foreign powers and neighboring states endangered the independence and national borders of many Western Hemisphere nations. - Native peoples throughout the hemisphere tried to defend their territories, but by the end of the nineteenth century, national governments had overcome native resistance.

Caste War

A rebellion of the Maya people against the government of Mexico in 1847 that nearly returned the Yucatán to Maya rule. Some Maya rebels retreated to unoccupied territories, where they held out until 1901.

Women's Rights Convention

An 1848 gathering of women angered by their exclusion from an international antislavery meeting. They met at Seneca Falls, New York, to discuss women's rights.

Andrew Jackson

First president of the United States to be born in humble circumstances. He was popular among frontier residents, urban workers, and small farmers, He had a successful political career as judge, general, congressman, senator, and president. After being denied presidency in 1824 in a controversial election, he won in 1828 and was reelected in 1832.

development

In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the economic process that led to industrialization, urbanization, the rise of a large and prosperous middle class, and heavy investment in education.

The following was a stumbling block to the creation of constitutional government in Latin America.

Limiting the power of the military

abolitionists

Men and women who agitated for a complete end to slavery. Abolitionist pressure ended the British transatlantic slave trade in 1808 and slavery in British colonies in 1834. In the United States the activities of abolitionists were one factor leading to the Civil War (1861-1865).

José María Morelos

Mexican priest and former student of Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, he led the forces fighting for Mexican independence until he was captured and executed in 1815.

Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla

Mexican priest who led the first stage of the Mexican independence war in 1810. He was captured and executed in 1811.

Confederation of 1867

Negotiated union of the formerly separate colonial governments of Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia. This new Dominion of Canada with a central government in Ottawa is seen as the beginning of the Canadian nation.

personalist leaders

Political leaders who rely on charisma and their ability to mobilize and direct the masses of citizens outside the authority of constitutions and laws. Nineteenth-century examples include José Antonio Páez of Venezuela and Andrew Jackson of the United States. Twentieth-century examples include Getulio Vargas of Brazil and Juan Perón of Argentina.

Benito Juárez

President of Mexico (1858-1872). Born in poverty in Mexico, he was educated as a lawyer and rose to become chief justice of the Mexican supreme court and then president. He led Mexico's resistance to a French invasion in 1862 and the installation of Maximilian as emperor.

The following was true of British North America in comparison to Spanish Latin America regarding independent government.

Residents of British North America had more experience with voting and holding office than the residents of Spanish colonies.

Tecumseh

Shawnee leader who attempted to organize an Amerindian confederacy to prevent the loss of additional territory to American settlers. He became an ally of the British in War of 1812 and died in battle.

acculturation

The adoption of the language, customs, values, and behaviors of host nations by immigrants.

underdevelopment

The condition experienced by economies that depend on colonial forms of production such as the export of raw materials and plantation crops with low wages and low investment in education.

Simón Bolívar

The most important military leader in the struggle for independence in South America. Born in Venezuela, he led military forces there and in Columbia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia.

José Antonio Páez

Venezuelan soldier who led Simón Bolívar's cavalry force. He became a successful general in the war and built a powerful political base. Unwilling to accept the constitutional authority of Bolívar's government in distant Bogotá, he declared Venezuela's independence from Gran Columbia in 1829.

Unlike its neighbors, Brazil gained independence in 1822

as a monarchy under Pedro I, the heir to the Portuguese throne.

Simón Bolívar realized that an effective revolution in northern Latin America would require

building coalitions of people in the region.

After several attempts at achieving independence, Mexico finally became free from Spain in 1821. The new government, under Agustín de Iturbide, was

conservative and monarchical.

Like the United States in the late nineteenth century, Latin America

experienced a large increase in immigration from Europe.

In the latter half of the nineteenth century, the indigenous people of Argentina and Chile

faced problems very similar to those experienced by the indigenous people of the United States.

One of the issues that led to revolution in Latin America in the early nineteenth century was

frustration over the political and economic power of colonial administrators.

In the Caribbean, slavery

lasted the longest in Cuba and Puerto Rico.

After independence, one of the biggest threats to the new nations of the Americas was

regionalism.

In Venezuela, in 1811, a junta of creoles declared independence from Spain. Their main goal was

to expand their own rights and privileges by eliminating Spaniards from the upper levels of the government.

In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the progress towards equality between men and women

was equally slow in the United States, Canada, and Latin America.

The U.S. president Andrew Jackson and José Antonio Páez of Venezuela

were personalist leaders who relied on their mass following.