Chapter 24 questions
Where does most nutrient reabsorption occur?
1
Which structure is the collecting duct?
6
Where does filtration exclusively occur in the kidney?
across the filtration membrane in the renal corpuscle
The ability to form concentrated urine depends on the functions of
both the distal convoluted tubule and the collecting duct
What physiological process occurs at the structure labeled "2"?
filtration
Identify the structure labeled "6."
renal column
The cavity of the kidney that receives urine from the calyces is called the
renal pelvis
The urethral lining consists of:
stratified squamous epithelium near the external urethral orifice
If you have to urinate, but have to "hold it" until you can find a bathroom, what structure are you "holding it" with?
the external urethral sphincter
Which of the following descriptions best matches the term "renal papilla"?
tip of the medullary pyramid
The ureters and urinary bladder are lined by ________ epithelium.
transitional
Identify the structure labeled "10."
ureter
Urine is temporarily stored in the
urinary bladder
Each of the following organs is part of the urinary system
-urinary bladder -kidney -urethra -ureter
In French, it's "faire de pipi," in Spanish, it's "hacer pipí," in English, it's "I have to pee." What's the medical term for this universal urge to pass urine?
micturition
When the level of ADH (antidiuretic hormone) decreases,
more urine is produced and the osmolarity of the urine decreases
The functional unit of the kidney is the
nephron
Countercurrent multiplication takes place in the
nephron loop
The U-shaped segment of the nephron is the
nephron loop
Each of the following is a normal constituent of urine except
proteins
The filtrate first passes from the glomerular capsule to the
proximal convoluted tubule
The primary function of the proximal convoluted tubule is
reabsorbing nutrients
Which of the following descriptions best matches the term nephron loop?
relies on countercurrent multiplication enables production of hypertonic urine creates high NaCl concentration in the renal medulla
Triangular or conical structures located in the renal medulla are called
renal pyramids
Regarding kidney function, in ________, solutes are transported from the peritubular fluid across the tubular epithelium into the tubular fluid.
secretion
Which blood vessel(s) deliver(s) blood to the glomerulus?
afferent arteriole
As diffusion takes place across the dialysis membrane, which of the following diffuse(s) into the bloodstream?
bicarbonate ions
Renal columns are
bundles of tissue that extend between pyramids from the cortex
Which of the following is not a function of the urinary system?
excretes excess albumin molecules
The outermost layer of the kidney is the
fibrous capsule
One mechanism the kidney uses to raise systemic blood pressure is to
increase secretion of renin by the juxtaglomerular complex
Nephrons located close to the medulla with long nephron loops are called
juxtamedullary nephrons
Name the major excretory organs of the urinary system. (Module 24.1A)
kidneys
Major calyces are
large tributaries of the renal pelvis
All of the following are true of the kidneys except that they are
located partly within the pelvic cavity
The left kidney lies ________ to the right kidney.
slightly superior
The thick ascending limb of the nephron loop actively pumps what substances into the peritubular fluid?
sodium and chloride ions
During the micturition reflex,
stimulation of stretch receptors in the bladder wall sends impulses to the sacral cord
Which of the following is greater?
the concentration of solute in the filtrate at the bottom of the nephron loop
The ________ is a capillary plexus that parallels the nephron loop.
vasa recta
Regarding kidney function, in reabsorption,
water and solutes are transported from the tubular fluid, across the tubular, epithelium, and into the peritubular fluid
The area of the urinary bladder bounded by the openings of the two ureters and the urethra is called the
trigone
The most abundant waste solute in urine is
urea
Urine is eliminated from the body through the
urethra
In response to increased levels of aldosterone, the kidneys produce
urine with a lower concentration of sodium ions
The renal sinus is
an internal cavity lined by the fibrous capsule
The afferent arteriole in the kidney
carries blood to the glomerulus
Urine passes, in the order given, through which of the following structures?
collecting duct, renal pelvis, ureter, bladder, urethra
Variable secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions is a specific function of which renal structure?
collecting system
The detrusor muscle
compresses the urinary bladder and expels urine through the urethra
Eighty-five percent of nephrons in the human kidney are located in the ________ and have short nephron loops.
cortex
Chloride ion is reabsorbed in the thick ascending limb by
cotransport with Na ions
The DCT secretes hydrogen ions in exchange for sodium ions by the process of
countertransport
Blood leaves the glomerulus through a blood vessel called the
efferent arteriole
Which of the following descriptions best matches the term calyx?
final urine enters here
The amount of filtrate produced by the kidneys each minute is called the
glomerular filtration rate
The process of filtration occurs at the
glomerulus
Increased sympathetic tone can do all of the following except
increase the glomerular filtration rate
Antidiuretic hormone
increases the permeability of the collecting ducts to water
The ________ delivers urine to a minor calyx.
papillary duct
Substances secreted by the distal convoluted tubule include
penicillin hydrogen potassium ions creatinine.
The efferent arteriole of a nephron divides to form a network of capillaries within the cortex called the ________ capillaries.
peritubular
Tubular reabsorption involves all of the following except
phagocytosis
A healthy adult typically produces ________ of urine per day.
1200 mL
Approximately ________ liters of glomerular filtrate enter glomerular capsules each day.
180
Put the following urinary structures in order as urine is produced and eliminated from the body 1) liver 2) urinary bladder 3) kidney 4) ureter 5) urethra
3,4,2,5
The following is a list of the blood vessels that carry blood to the kidney. 1. afferent arteriole 2. arcuate artery 3. interlobar artery 4. renal artery 5. glomerulus 6. cortical radiate artery 7. efferent arteriole 8. peritubular capillary What is the proper order in which blood passes through these vessels?
4, 3, 2, 6, 1, 5, 7, 8
As the filtrate passes through the renal tubules, approximately what percentage is reabsorbed and returned to the circulation?
99
What percentage of nutrients (glucose, amino acids, etc.) is reabsorbed in the PCT?
99
________ nephrons are essential to water conservation and the production of concentrated urine.
Juxtamedullary
Which event does not occur in the distal convoluted tubule?
Osmosis pulls water out of the tubular fluid and into the peritubular fluid
Which nervous system structure(s) inhibits micturition by relaxing the detrusor and contracting the internal urethral sphincter?
Stretch receptor impulses activate sympathetic outflow
Which statement regarding the kidneys is false?
The right kidney lies slightly superior to the left kidney
A glomerulus is
a knot of capillaries within the renal corpuscle
The mechanism for producing concentrated urine involves
a properly functioning nephron loop aquaporins being inserted into the membranes of the collecting duct cells a high concentration of NaCl in the fluid surrounding the collecting ducts the secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
Autoregulation of the rate of glomerular filtration has which of the following properties?
depends on changes in the efferent arteriole depends on changes in the mesangial cells depends on changes in the afferent arteriole
Contraction of which structure compresses the urinary bladder and expels its contents into the urethra?
detrusor muscle
The portion of the nephron that empties into the collecting duct is the
distal convoluted tubule
Peristaltic contractions, beginning at the renal pelvis, sweep along the ureter, forcing urine toward the urinary bladder. In a normal, healthy person, how often do these contractions occur?
every 30 seconds or so
The prominent indentation on the medial surface of the kidney is the
hilum
The glomerular capsule and the glomerulus make up the
renal corpuscle
Identify the structure labeled "8."
renal papilla
Identify the structure labeled "9."
renal pelvis
The expanded beginning of the ureter connects to the
renal pelvis
Identify the structure labeled "5."
renal pyramid
What structures enter and exit the kidney at the hilum?
the renal artery and renal nerves enter; the renal vein and ureter exit at the hilum
Urine is carried to the urinary bladder by
the ureters
What is the function of the vasa recta?
to collect and transport water and solutes within the renal medulla in association with the juxtamedullary nephron