Chapter 25, Chapter 25 Nuclear Energy, Chapter 25-Nuclear Chemistry, Chapter 25 - Nuclear Chemistry, Chapter 25; Nuclear Chemistry
symbol for beta symbol
+0/-1 B (really add)
charge of an alpha particle?
+2
what is the charge of a alpha particle
+2
symbol for alpha symbol
+4/2 alpha (really subtract)
charge of a beta particle?
-1
what is the charge of a beta particle
-1
Each gamma ray carries an electric charge of ___________
0
When a radioactive nucleus gives off a gamma ray, its atomic number increases by _____
0
charge of gamma radiation?
0
what is the charge of a gamma ray
0
The decay of 162/69Tm yields 162/68Er and ______________________________
0/+1 B
Beta Particle
0/-1 e
Below about 23 ratio of neutronstwo protons for stability is about
1
Each beta particle carries an electric charge of ______
1-
Of the more than 15,000 different nuclear either known to exist about what portion are stable
1-6
list three methods for detecting or measuring radiation
1. Geiger counter 2. scintillation 3. film ID badge
What is The radioactive decay process
1.)The present of too many or few neutrons relative to protons it leads to an unstable nucleus 2.)At some point in time and unstable nucleus will undergo a reaction and lose energy by Emitting radiation 3.) during the process of radioactive decay and unstable radio isotope of one element is transform eventually into's a stable isotope of A different element
The neutron to proton ratio for the isotope sodium-23 is ____________________________________
1.1:1
The isotope formed by the alpha decay of 154/66Dy is _______________________
150/64Gd
Ernest Rutherford
1911, led to the discovery of the proton
James Chadwick
1932, discovered the neutron
atomic #s below 18 have a __:__ stability ratio
1:1
Each alpha particle carries an electric charge of ______
2+
penetrating power of the 3 main types of radiation:
A > | B > | > | C > | > | > |
the film badge, the Geiger counter, the scintillation counter
A device that is used primarily for the detection of beta radiation is
Geiger counter
A device that uses a gas-filled metal tube to detect radiation
Describe the current limitations of fusion as a power source.
A lot of energy is required to initiate the reaction. Currently no materials are capable of withstanding the very high temperature reached during reactions.
Describe the process that occurs during a nuclear chain reaction and explain how to monitor a chain reaction in a nuclear teactir
A neutron strikes a target nucleus such as u-235, which then splits into multiple fission fragments and releases several neutrons. These neutrons collide with other nuclei, causing additional fissions and sustaining the reaction. To control the chain reaction in a nuclear reactor, control rods if cadmium and boron are used to absorb some of the neutrons released during the reaction.
neutrons, protons
A nuclei is unstable if there are too many or too few _____________ relative to the number of ___________ present
Alpha Particle
A particle that contains two protons, two neutrons, and has 2+ charge
Positron
A particle with the mass of an electron, but with a positive charge
During positron emission
A proton changes to a neutron
I-131
A radioisotope commonly used to detect thyroid problems is
The structure is labeled ______________ in this diagram and called _____________________________________________________________
A, the contaminant shell
The isotope formed by the alpha decay of 238/92U has a mass number of __________
A-234
The number of stable isotopes that exist compared to the number of unstable isotopes is _______________
A-Much Less
During electron capture, a proton in the nucleus of an atom is converted into a(n) ____________________
A-Neutron
A procedure that uses positrons to detect many different medical disorders.
A-PET
Alpha decay
All nuclei with more than 82 protons are radioactive and decay spontaneous. These very heavy nuclei often decay by emitting alpha particles
Three main types of nuclear radiation
Alpha Beta and Gamma
4/2 He
Alpha Decay is written with
neutron to proton ratio
Alpha emission results in an increase in the
True
Alpha particles contain two neutrons (T/F)
4
Alpha particles have a mass of __ amu
+2
Alpha radiation charge
helium nucleus
Alpha radiation is composed of alpha particles and
The uranium is found at location ____________________________.
B in the diagram
A lightweight isotope is likely to be stable if the ratio of protons to neutrons in its nucleus is ___________________
B-1:1
Uses a gas-filled metal tube to detect and measure radiation
B-Geiger Counter
Atoms are located above the band of stability on a graph of numbers of neutrons versus number of protons are usually unstable because they contain too many ________________________
B-Neutrons
The positron produced during positron emission comes from a(n) ___________________
B-Proton
who discovered radioactivity?
Becquerel, Marie Curie, Pierre Curie
0/-1 e
Beta Decay is written with
-1
Beta radiation charge
a neutron breaking apart
Beta radiation is an electron created by
Electrons
Beta radiation is composed of beta particles or
Equal
Both sides of a nuclear equation will be
There are at least two ways transmutation occurs
By radioactive decay transmutation can also occur when particles been barred the nucleus of an Adam
The annual amount of radiation to which a person is normally exposed.
C-100-300 mrem
The isotope formed by the beta decay of 40/19K has an atomic number of ______________
C-20
The isotope least likely to be found in the band of stability among the following is _________________________________
C-32/13 Al
These bars of metal are found at location ____________________________
C.
How long can a half lives be
Can be a short as a fraction of a second or as long as billions of years
losing or sharing electrons
Chemical reactions attain stable electron configurations by
Alpha
Consist of two protons and two neutrons mass is 4 penetrating power low minimum shielding paper
Beta
Consists of electron mass is 1/1837-amu penetrating power is moderate and minimum shielding is foil
Gamma
Consists of high energy electromagnetic radiation mass is zero penetrating power is high and the minimum shielding is lead or concrete
speed of the fission reaction
Control rods control the
leukemia caused by long term exposure to radiation
Curies died from
When the isotope 238/91Pa decays by beta emission comes from a(n) _______________
D-238/92U
Radiation energetic enough to break apart atoms
D-Ionizing Radiation
The only nucleon among the following is the ______________________
D-Neutron
naturally occurring, unstable nuclei decay to become stable, change into different elements that are stable and do not undergo decay
Decay Reactions are
When are GammaRay's emitted
During radioactive decay along with alpha or beta particles
gamma rays and x-rays
Electromagnetic radiation includes...
0/-1 e, but it is on the left side, added to the number given (Ex. 89/36 Kr + 0/-1 e —-> 89/35 Br)
Electron Capture is written with
a positron how's the same mass of an _____ but the charge is _________
Electron but charge is positive
True
Electrons have a 0 over -1 ratio (T/F)
emitting radiation
Energy is released by ____________________ during radioactive decay
nuclear fusion
Energy released from the sun comes from
It then leaves the core at point ___________________.
F
Used to detect disorders of the thyroid gland
F-Iodine-131
A nuclear reactor produces energy from the fuel rods containing uranium-238
False
After an organism dies, its ratio of Carbon-14 to Carbon-12 and Carbon-13 increases.
False
All nuclear reactions involve some type of nuclear transmutation.
False
Radioisotopes with very long half-lives are seldom found in Earth's crust
False
Scientists currently believe that all of the possible transuranium elements have been discovered.
False
T/F The amount of U-235 in a nuclear reactor should always be kept subcritical
False
Temperature is the only factor that affects the half-life of a radioisotope
False
The amount of energy produced for each kilogram of uranium is about the same as the amount of energy from a kilogram of coal.
False
The first induced nuclear transmutations was carried out by Marie and Pierre in 1897.
False
The fission products produced in nuclear power plants are not radioactive
False
The half-life of a radioisotope is the time it takes for the isotope to decay
False
The nuclear formula for a neutron is n
False
The purpose of the control rods in a nuclear reactor can be stopped by pulling out all control rods.
False
True
Film badge is worn by anyone in an area of radiation exposure (T/F)
How can nuclear fission be used to generate electric power?
Fission reactions heat water and form steam. The steam spins turbines that produce electric power.
More
Fusion reactions release ______ energy than fission reactions
A unit used to measure the amount of damage done to a body
G-Rem
mass, charge
Gamma radiation has niether a _______ or a _______
photon emitted by a radioisotope
Gamma radiation is a high energy
High-energy electromagnetic radiation
Gamma radiation is composed of
mass number, atomic number
Gamma radiation, neither the _________ nor ___________ changes
alpha, beta, gamma
Geiger Counter can detect
Radiation damage that can affect chromosomes and offspring
H-Genetic Damage
After each half-life what happens
Half of the existing radioactive Adams have the keyed into Adams of a new element
rate of decay
Half-life measures the ____________ of a radioisotope
A method used to detect very small amounts of a element in a sample
I-Neutron Activation Analysis
Distribute
If there is a number in front of a mass number/atomic number ratio, you
speeds up
If you remove the rod from reactor core, reaction
Can
In nuclear fission, a chain reaction can/can not occur
Fragments
In nuclear fission, certain atoms break into ____________ when struck by..
Neutrons
In nuclear fission, certain atoms break into fragments when struck by ___________.
No
In nuclear fission, is energy absorbed?
Beta emission
Increases the number of protons while decreasing the number of neutrons
beta radiation
Ionizing radiation that is negatively charged is
Positron
Is a particle with the mass of an electron but a positive charge
Radioisotopes
Isotopes that emit radiation because they have unstable nuclei
Contains phosphors that detect radiation
J-Scintillation Counter
A radioisotope used to indicate the presence of an element in a sample.
K-Radiotracer
This type of radiation easily penetrates human tissue.
L-Gamma Ray
Damage caused by radiation that affects a person, but not their offspring.
M-Somatic Damage
what detects the body's absorption of radio waves
MRI and NMR
Radioactivity
Marie curie name the process by which materials give off such rays
energy
Mass is not conserved, but converted to _______ in radioactive decay
A material that gives off light when struck by radiation
N-Phosphor
True
Neutrons have a 1 over 0 ratio (T/F)
In a chemical reaction is the nucleus of an Atom am changed
No
In a nuclear reaction is a reaction affected by temperature pressure catalyst
No
T/F Nuclear power plants do not contribute to pollution
T-air pollution F-nuclear waste
Relate binding energy per nucleon to mass number.
The binding energy per nucleon reaches a maximum value fir mass numbers around 69amu.
Fusion
The combination of two nuclei to produce a nucleus of heavier mass
Trans mutation
The conversion of an Atom Of one element to Atoms of another
Transuranium elements
The elements in the periodic table with atomic numbers above 92 yet atomic number of uranium
Describe what is meant by subcritical mass and supercritical mass.
The mass is subcritical if most of the neutrons escape the material instead of hitting other material. The mass is supercritical if most neutrons hit other material.
If more the critical mass is present in a sample, that sample is said to have supercritical mass.
True
Mass number and atomic number are conserved in all nuclear reactions.
True
Most induced nuclear transmutation reactions are produced in high energy particle accelerators
True
Neptunium and Plutonium were the first transuranium elements discovered.
True
Nuclear Power Plants usually produce electricity
True
Scientists induce transmutations by bombarding stable nuclei with high-energy alpha, beta, or gamma rays.
True
T/F Great amounts of energy can be liberated from small amounts of matter in nuclear reactions.
True
T/F Inserting boron or cadmium rids into the reactor core can control a fission reaction
True
The mass of a 25.0g piece of 238/96Cm (Half-life 2.4 hr) will be reduced to 3.1g after 7.2hr
True
The only elements that can be used as fuel in a nuclear power plant are those in which a chain reaction can occur.
True
Transmutation is the conversion of an atom of one element to an atom of another element.
True
Water is the most common coolant used in a nuclear reactor.
True
When an atom of 125/52Te is bombarded with protons, the products are 125/53I and neutrons
True
Beta decay
Type of decay that decreases the number of neutrons in the nucleus
How do radioisotopes gain Stability
Undergoing changes
Moderate
Water is used to ____________ (slows down) neutrons in a nuclear reactor
Nuclear forces
What holds nuclear particles together?
Paper or Skin
What stops alpha?
Aluminum foil or thin pieces of wood
What stops beta?
Concrete or Lead (Several Meters, Several Centimeters)
What stops gamma?
an alpha particle
When Rn-222 undergoes decay to become Po-218, it emits
Th-234
When U-238 undergoes radioactive decay by losing an alpha particle, the other product is
18/9 F
When an atom of N-14 is bombarded by an alpha particle, the single product is
When are radioisotopes that meant alpha particles dangerous to soft tissue
When ingested
it must be initiated by bombardment with neutrons
When nuclear fission occurs,
Fusion
When the nuclei of certain isotopes are bombarded with neutrons they undergo fusion
Carbon-14
Which radioisotope would be most useful in dating objects thought to be millions of years old?
alpha particle
Which type of ionizing radiation can be blocked by clothing?
Marie Curie and Pierre Curie
Who won Nobel Prize in physics for their work on radioactivity? (alongside Antoine Henri Becquerel)
How is it possible that both the splitting of nuclei (fission) and the combining of nuclei (fusion) release tremendous amounts of energy?
With fission, A large nucleus splits into smaller nuclei.the binding energy of the large nucleus is greater than the sum of the binding energies of the smaller nuclei. That difference in energy is released. With fusion, two smaller nuclei combine to form a larger nuclei.the sum of the binding energies of the smaller nuclei is greater than the binding energy of the larger nucleus. Again the difference in energy is released.
And a chemical reaction is a reaction affected by temperature pressure or catalyst
Yes
In a nuclear reaction is the nucleus of an Atom change
Yes
Is Radio active Decay spontaneous
Yes not require any input of energy
Can all of the transuraium elements undergo transmutation
Yrs
place of the possible storage space for radioactive waste
Yucca Mountain
beta particle
a fast-moving electron formed by the decomposition of a neutron
alpha particle
a particle that has two protons and two neutrons
which particle will be stopped by paper
alpha
4/2 He is what decay?
alpha decay
The form of radiation containing the heavier particle is made up of helium nuclei called _______________________________.
alpha particles
what kind of particles are in smoke detectors
alpha particles
beta particle
an electron resulting from breaking apart a neutron in an atom
transuranium element
an element that has an atomic number above 92
which particle will be stopped by aluminum foil
beta
0/-1 e is what decay?
beta decay
how to get a proton from a neutron:
beta decay
The form of radiation containing the lighter particle consists of electrons called _________________________.
beta particles
induced transmutation is caused by what...?
bombarding a nucleus with high-velocity particles
what do plants and animals all contain
carbon-14
what element isn't found in living things
carbon-14
what does induced transmutation do?
changes it to a new element
beta particle
composed of fast-moving electrons
purpose of control rods
control rate of nuclear reaction
The rate at which the nuclear reaction takes place is controlled by other bars called ____________________________________
control rods.
Heat produced by nuclear fission is carried away by ________________, which enters at core point________________ in this diagram.
coolant,D
trans uranium elements
elements with atomic numbers greater than 93 and have been produced in the laboratory by induced transmutaion and are radioactive
O > o o is an example of what process?
fission
fusion or fission produces hazardous waste?
fission
when a heavy nucleus splits into 2 and is man made
fission
strong force
force that acts between protons and neutrons of atoms
radioisotope
form of an atom that is unstable & loses particles from the nucleus
In a nuclear power plant, energy is produced in the reactor core by fission reactions that occur in uranium-containing bars called __________________________.
fuel rods
o o > O is an example of what process
fusion
which particle will be stopped by lead
gamma
One type is a form of energy known as __________________.
gamma ray
The form of nuclear radiation that has the greatest penetrating power is the _____________________________
gamma ray
what does a PET measure
gamma rays
1/0 n -> 1/1 p + 0/-1 e + anti neutrino is what process?
going from neutron -> proton (+ beta particle)
what is the moderator
heavy water that prevents melting of the core
what does fusion produce?
helium
gamma radiation
high energy electromagnetic radiation given off as PART of a decay
gamma ray
high energy photon emitted by a radioisotope
how do you know whether the reaction is chemical or nuclear when an atom undergoes a reaction and attains a more-stable form.
if the new, more stable form of the atom has an identitiy different from the original atom or gamma radiation has been released, a nuclear process has occurred
ionizing radiation
knocks electrons off some atoms of the bombarded substance to produce ions
purpose of fuel rods in a nuclear reactor
located in the reactor core with U-238 pellets
what is a dosimeter
measures radiation in people
what is a geiger counter
measures radiation of objects
what is radiation measured in units of
microseiverts
what do all unstable nuclei have
more neutrons than protons
what happened in Fukushima, Japan
most recent meltdown affecting 3 reactors post tsunami
above the atomic number 20, there are more _______ than protons
neutrons
in fission, what is the large nuclei split by?
neutrons
what kind of reaction is thermonuclear and requires high temperatures
nuclear fusion
compare and contrast chemical reactions and nuclear reactions in terms of energy changes and the particles involved.
nuclear reactions release more energy per mole. nuclear reactions involve neutrons and protons, wehreas chemical reactions involve electrons
nuclear fusion
nuclei combine to produce a nucleus of greater mass
nuclear fission
nuclei of isotopes are bombarded with neutrons, the nuclei splits into small fragments
protons and neutrons are referred to as:
nucleons
electron capture
ocurs when the nucleus of an atom draws in a surrounding electron, usually one ferom the loswet energy level. this captured eledtron combines with a proton to form a neutron the atomic number of the nuclues decreases by 1 as a resoult of electron capture
radioactivity
penetrating rays & particles given off by unstable nuclei
1/1 p -> 0/-1 e + 1/0 n + neutrino is what process?
positron emission
proton to neutron process is called:
positron emission
chain reaction
process yielding products that initiate further processes of the same kind, self-sustaining sequence
what is the generator
produces electricity by turning a steam turbine from boiling water
describe the forces acting on the particles within a nucleus and explain why neutrons are the glue holding the nucleus together
protons are positively charged and repel each other. neutrons do not repel easch other or protons. the sterong nuclear force is an attractive force that acts on both protons and neutrons in the nucleus. the greater the number of neutrons in the nucleus, the greater the ftrong nuclear force.
compare the subatomic particles involved in nuclear and chemical reactions
protons, electrons, and neutrons can be invloved in cuclear change; only electrons are involved in chemical change
The Curies discovered that some forms of matter give off _________________________, a combination of particles and energy
radiation
alpha particle
radiation composed of 2 protons and 2 neutrons
Another term used to describe the process by which one element spontaneously changes into another element is _________________________.
radioactive decay
positron emission
radioactive decay process that involves the emission of a positron from a nucleus. a positron is a particle with the same mass as an electron but opposite charge, thus, it is represented by the symbol e^+ or beta^+ during positron emission, a proton in the nucleus is converted into a neutron and a positron and then position is emitted
what is contained in spent fuel rods
radioactive waste
Marie Curie named this process _________________________.
radioactivity
Any isotope that undergoes such changes is called a(n) _________________________
radioisotope
film badge
several layers of photographic film covered with black light-proof paper encased in a plastic or metal holder
critical mass
smallest amount of fissile material needed for a sustained nuclear chain reaction
radioactivity
spontaneous emission of rays or particles from certain elements, such as uranium
half-life
the amount of time for 1/2 the radioactive nucleus to decay
the area of a nuclear stability graph plotted with stable nuclei is called...?
the band of stability
transmutation
the conversion of one atom to another type by changing the nucleus The atomic number is altered Whether an atom spontaneously decays and what type if radiation it emits depends on its neutron to proton ratio
mass defect
the difference in mass between a nucleus and its component nucleons the mass of the nucleus is always less than the sum of the masses of the indivieual protons and neutrons that comprise it.
einstein's equation
the equation relates mass and energy. it states that any reaction produces or consumes energy due to a loss or gain in mass. energy and mass are equivalent.
critical mass
the minimum mass of a sample of fissionable material necessary to sustain a nuclear chain reaction.
radiation
the penetrating rays emitted by a radioactive source
nuclear FUSION
the process of binding smaller atomic nuclei into a single larger and more stable nucleus.
nuclear FISSION
the splitting of a nucleus into smaller, more stable fragments the fission of a nucleus is accompanied by a very large release of energy
half-life
the time required for 1/2 of the nuclei in a radioisotope sample to decay
half-life
the time required for one-half of the atoms of a radioisotope to emit radiation and to decay to products
describe what happens to an unstable nucleus
unstable nuclei decay by emnitting alpha or beta radiation until they form a stable element
what are tracers
used to follow a particular isotope through its normal path in the body
scintillation counter
uses a phosphor to detect radiation
Geiger counter
uses gas filled metal tube to detect radiation
what does the cooling system do
water is used to cool steam
what is 3-mile island
worst nuclear accident in the USA
what happened at Chernobyl, Ukraine
worst nuclear accident in the world, full core meltdown
The discovery of the ___________________ in 1895 by Wilhelm Roentgen opened a whole new field of research.
x-ray
Wilhelm Roentgen discovered the form of energy known as _____________________
x-rays
what is used to analyze the body in a CAT SCAN
x-rays
what is the difference between x-rays and gamma rays?
x-rays are produced by materials that are in an excited electron state. gamma rays are produced by radioactive sources.
The conversion of an Atom of one element to an atom. Of another element is called
Transmutation
occur mainly in a lab, nuclei are bombarded with alpha particles, change into different elements that are unstable
Transmutation Reactions are
A breeder reactor produces more fuel than it uses
True
A radioisotope that decays very rapidly has a short half-life
True
An uncontrolled chain reaction led to the nuclear accident in Chernobyl Ukraine.
True
Carbon dating is not used to measure the age of rocks because the half-life of Carbon-14 is too short
True
neutron-proton ratio
Stability depends on the
True
Nuclear fusion releases more heat than nuclear fission (T/F)
occurs when large nuclei fuse together, take place in the sun, generally produce hydrogen nuclei
Nuclear fusion...
altered
Nuclear reaction rates can NOT be
The nuclei or unstable isotopes gain stability by undergoing changes
Nuclear reactions
the compounds the unstable isotopes are present it
Nuclear reactions are also not affected by
unstable nuclei
Nuclear reactions are dependent on
change in temperature, pressure, or presence of catalysts
Nuclear reactions are not affected by
stopped
Nuclear reactions cannot be
energy
Nuclear reactions give off large amounts of
Radioisotopes
Nuclear reactions nuclei of unstable isotopes
use controlled fission to produce energy, use neutron moderation and absorption to control the chain reaction, cannot produce a nuclear explosion
Nuclear reactors
neutrons and protons
Nuclei contain
Worn by workers to monitor radiation exposure
O-Film Badge
Atomic Number
On the periodic table, the numbers (for example, hydrogen's would be one) are known as
0/1 e
Positron Emission is written with
For nuclei with low n/p what are two common radioactive decay processes?
Positron emission and electron capture These 2 processes tend to increase the n/p ratio bringing the atom closer to the band if stability
Nucleons
Protons and neutrons are referred to as
Them barding particles maybe
Protons neutrons our alpha particles
Alpha emission
Too many neutrons and too many protons =
An isotope that has an unstable nucleus is called
Radio isotope
is a spontaneous process, occurs when an unstable nucleus loses energy, does not require any input of energy
Radioactive decay
What are two ways trans mutation can occur
Radioactive decay and when particles been bar the nucleus of Atoms
What name did Marie Currie give to the process by which materials get off freeze compatible a fogging photographic plates
Radioactivity
by which materials give off rays
Radioactivity is the process
can be used as tracers, can diagnose certain diseases, can treat certain forms of cancer
Radioisotopes
Unstable nuclei
Radioisotopes have an
should have a short half-life
Radioisotopes taken internally for medical reasons
Mass/Atomic
Ratio
What happens if a nucleus is unstable
Releases energy by admitting radiation during the process of radioactive decay
The three types of radiation were first identified by _______________________________
Rutherford
All kinds of ionizing radiation
Scintillation Counter can detect
Explain how gamma radiation is similar to visible light and how different it is
Similar; energize particles
In the chain reaction what happens
Some of the neutrons produce react with other fusion of all Adams producing more neutrons which reactant with Stillmore fusion of all Adams
Fission
Splitting of a nucleus into smaller fragments
A nucleus may be unstable and undergo
Spontaneous radioactive DECAY for several reasons
gamma radiation
The most penetrating radiation
Gamma radiation
The most penetrating type of radiation
The reasons why nucleus is may be unstable and undergo spontaneous radioactive decay
The neutron to proton ratio determines the type of decay that occurs some nuclei have too many neutrons relative to the number of protons Other nuclei are unstable because they have too few neutrons relative to the number of protons these nuclei increase their stability by converting a proton to a neutron
Atomic Mass
The number you use to find molar mass is known as
Radiation
The penetrating raise and particles admitted by a radioactive source
radioactive decay
The process whereby a stable nucleus loses energy by emitting radiation
upper atmosphere
The production of carbon-14 takes place in the
The stability of a nucleus depends on
The ratio of neutrons and protons in the nucleus and the overall size of the nucleus
Radiation
The rays and particles emitted by a radioactive source are called
For small atomic number stable nuclei have roughly_______Numbers of neutrons and protons
The same
Nuclear fission
The spitting of a nucleus into smaller fragments
Neutron to proton ratio
The stability of a nucleus can be correlated to its neutron to proton (n/p) ratio For atoms with low atomic numbers (<20), the most stable nuclei are those with 1:1 n/p As atomic numbers increase more and more neutrons are needed to produce a strong nuclear force that is sufficient to balance the electrostatic repulsion force between protons. The n/p will gradually increase to 1.5:1
Band of stability
The stable nuclei are in the region called band of stability
Half life
The time required for one half of the Nucli of a radio isotope sample to decay to products
Greater than 92
The transuranium elements are
In the stable nucli what is the difference between neutrons and protons
They are roughly equal or similar
What is half life
Time required for half of Nikolai of radio isotope to decay to products
Electron Capture or Positron Emission
Too Few Neutrons =
Beta emission
Too many neutrons =