Chapter 25 - Fluids, Electrolytes, pH, etc.

Why are chlorine ions important?

Chlorine ions are involved in the production of stomach acids

What effect does an increase in antidiuretic hormone (ADH) have on the volume of extracellular fluid (ECF)?

ECF increases when antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is present

If the PCO2 in the plasma increases, what effect will this have on plasma pH

The pH will decrease

The hormone PTH causes:

a decrease in the reabsorption of phosphate ions

Bicarbonate is an example of a:

base

The primary role of the phosphate buffer system is to:

buffer intracellular fluid (ICF)

Substances that function to resist large swings in pH are called:

buffers

Overhydration will cause ______________

cells to gain water

Which of the following accounts for the majority of our total body water?

cytosol

What triggers the release of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

decreasing calcium ion concentration of the blood

Decreased volume and increased concentration of the extracellular fluid (ECF) is defined as:

dehydration

If the cytosol has a lower osmotic pressure than the ECF, causing the cell to lose water until the pressures are equalized, what will result from this fluid movement?

dehydration

What is the most common cause for hypernatremia?

dehydration

Which of the following is an excess accumulation of interstitial fluid?

edema

Which of the following dissociates into ions when placed in water? -nonelectrolyte -glucose -starch -electrolyte

electrolyte

An acid is a chemical that dissociates in water to release a ________________

hydrogen ion (H+)

The pH of the blood primarily depends upon a normal concentration of:

hydrogen ions

What part of the brain controls the thirst mechanism?

hypothalamus

Which of the following is a response mechanism for overhydration? -increased levels of ADH -increased levels of ANP -increased levels of aldosterone -increased thirst

increased levels of ANP

Water loss from the body that we do not notice is known as

insensible water loss

Which ions are critical for the activation of some enzymes?

magnesium ions

What is a major function of potassium ions in the body?

maintaining resting potential of neurons and muscle cells

Which of the following factors increases an individual's total body water? -increasing body fat -increasing age -female -male

male

Increased water intake causes the hydrostatic pressure in plasma to increase and the osmotic pressure to decrease; as a result, water will _____________

move from the ECF to the ICF

Where are the majority of calcium ions stored in the body?

osseous tissue

Hyperventilation causes ______________, and hypoventilation causes ____________.

respiratory alkalosis; respiratory acidosis

Through what two systems are carbon dioxide eliminated from the body?

respiratory and urinary systems

An electrolyte is a:

substance that dissociates into ions when placed in water

What system is responsible for the most common route of water loss from the body?

urinary system

Which hormone does NOT regulate fluid balance in the body? -antidiuretic hormone (ADH) -atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) -angiotensin-II -vitamin D3 (calcitrol)

vitamin D3 (calcitrol)

What is the main component of all body fluids?

water

How much urine is lost through obligatory water loss each day?

500 mL

Select the blood pH that represents acidosis: -7.24 -7.42 -7.37 -7.58

7.24

The normal range of blood pH is

7.35 to 7.45

What statement does NOT describe the methods by which chemical buffer systems operate to maintain pH? -Buffer systems consist of a weak acid and its conjugate weak base which function to resist large swings in pH -When a strong acid is added to a solution, the weak base of the buffer system binds the released hydrogen ions and removes them from solution -All excess hydrogen ions are removed from the body in the urine -When a strong base is added to a solution, the buffer system's weak acid releases its hydrogen ions to bind the base ions

All excess hydrogen ions are removed from the body in the urine

True or False: The osmotic pressure gradient, or the force of solutes in a solution, tends to push water away from the solution with the higher osmotic pressure, or more concentrated solution, by osmosis

False

True or False: When the antidiuretic hormone (ADH) level rises, less water is reabsorbed via the kidneys, the ECF volume decreases, and urine production increases

False

True or False: the human body has more fluid in the extracellular compartment than in the intracellular compartment.

False

What determines the hydrostatic pressure of a solution?

Hydrostatic pressure is the force that fluids exert

Predict the effect of hypertonic fluid on a cell

Hypertonic fluids cause water to move out of the cytosol and the cell shrinks

Which of the following statements about ECF is correct? -It is found inside cells -It has the same composition as the ICF -It accounts for about 60% of total body water -It is made up of fluids such as plasma and interstitial fluid

It is made up of fluids such as plasma and interstitial fluid

Calcium ion reabsorption in the kidneys is stimulated by the hormone ________

PTH

True or False: Plasma has a much higher protein content than interstitial fluid

True

In what direction will water move when hypotonic fluids are present in the plasma?

Water is pulled from the interstitial fluid and plasma into the cell