Chapter 25 Test
8) The function of the citric acid cycle is to A) remove hydrogen atoms from organic molecules and transfer them to coenzymes. B) transfer the acetyl group. C) hydrolyze glucose. D) produce carbon dioxide. E) produce water.
A) remove hydrogen atoms from organic molecules and transfer them to coenzymes.
72) The major cation in extracellular fluid is A) sodium. B) potassium. C) calcium. D) magnesium. E) iron.
A) sodium.
60) During the absorptive state, A) the liver forms glycogen. B) adipocytes release fatty acids to the circulation. C) skeletal muscle breaks down glycogen. D) insulin levels are low. E) skeletal muscle fibers release glucose.
A) the liver forms glycogen.
92) Impaired fat absorption in the intestine would interfere with the absorption of A) vitamin A. B) vitamin B12. C) vitamin C. D) niacin. E) riboflavin.
A) vitamin A.
10) All of the following are true of the kidneys, except that they are A) located in a position that is retroperitoneal. B) surrounded by a fibrous capsule. C) located partly within the pelvic cavity. D) held in place by the renal fascia. E) covered by peritoneum.
C) located partly within the pelvic cavity.
60) The process of filtration is driven by A) active transport. B) blood osmotic pressure. C) blood hydrostatic pressure. D) renal pumping. E) solvent drag.
C) blood hydrostatic pressure.
55) Which of these components of the nephron is largely confined to the renal medulla? A) glomerular (Bowman's) capsule B) distal convoluted tubule C) collecting ducts D) proximal convoluted tubule E) glomerulus
C) collecting ducts
20) Which of the following descriptions best matches the term calyx? A) releases renin B) creates high interstitial NaCl concentration C) final urine enters here D) initial filtrate enters here E) tip of the medullary pyramid
C) final urine enters here
115) A transport mechanism that can move a substance against a concentration gradient by using cellular energy is ________.
active transport
120) A ________ contains all of the essential amino acids.
complete protein
105) Urine is carried from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body by the ________.
urethra
95) Where does secretion mostly occur? A) 5 B) 1 C) 3 D) 4 E) 2
A) 5
100) All of the following occur when the temperature of the preoptic area of the hypothalamus drops below its thermostat setting, except that A) blood flow to the skin increases. B) shivering thermogenesis occurs. C) nonshivering thermogenesis occurs. D) epinephrine levels rise. E) blood returning from limbs is shunted to deep veins.
A) blood flow to the skin increases.
1) The urinary system does all of the following, except that it A) excretes excess albumen molecules. B) regulates blood volume. C) contributes to stabilizing blood pH. D) eliminates organic waste products. E) regulates plasma concentrations of electrolytes.
A) excretes excess albumen molecules.
40) The essential fatty acids are A) linoleic acid and linolenic acid. B) leucine and lysine. C) cholesterol and glycerol. D) HDLs and LDLs. E) glycerol and pyruvic acid.
A) linoleic acid and linolenic acid.
64) When the body is relying on internal energy reserves to continue meeting its energy demands, it is in the A) postabsorptive state. B) absorptive state. C) starvation state. D) deprivation state. E) preabsorptive state.
A) postabsorptive state.
15) Triangular or conical structures located in the renal medulla are called A) pyramids. B) renal columns. C) renal pelvises. D) nephrons. E) calyces.
A) pyramids.
88) A vitamin obtained from meat that is a coenzyme in amino acid and lipid metabolism is A) pyridoxine (B6). B) pantothenic acid. C) riboflavin. D) folic acid (folate). E) niacin.
A) pyridoxine (B6).
The proper order in which blood passes through these vessels is A) 4, 6, 2, 3, 1, 5, 7, 8. B) 4, 3, 2, 6, 1, 5, 7, 8. C) 4, 3, 2, 6, 7, 5, 1, 8. D) 4, 6, 2, 3, 7, 5, 1, 8. E) 4, 3, 6, 2, 1, 5, 7, 8.
B) 4, 3, 2, 6, 1, 5, 7, 8.
32) Most of the ATP from metabolism is produced in the A) citric acid cycle. B) Electron Transport System. C) cytosol. D) mitochondrial matrix. E) glycolysis.
B) Electron Transport System.
80) The trace element needed for hemoglobin synthesis is A) zinc. B) copper. C) cobalt. D) iodine. E) silicon.
B) copper.
56) For adults there are ________ essential amino acids. A) 2 B) 6 C) 8 D) 10 E) 20
C) 8
96) A T4 assay is used to A) determine the number of calories in food. B) directly measure the basal metabolic rate. C) obtain an index of metabolic activity. D) monitor the energy efficiency of metabolism. E) determine the amount of oxygen consumed during metabolism.
C) obtain an index of metabolic activity.
12) The ________ of the mitochondrion contains large-diameter pores that are permeable to ions and small organic molecules such as pyruvic acid. A) inner membrane B) plasma membrane C) outer membrane D) matrix E) cristae
C) outer membrane
76) An ion that is a necessary component of high-energy compounds and nucleic acids and a structural component of bone is the ________ ion. A) chloride B) sulfate C) phosphate D) bicarbonate E) iodide
C) phosphate
52) Removal of the amino group from amino acids in the first step of their catabolism requires a coenzyme derived from vitamin ________. A) A B) C C) B12 D) B6 E) B9
D) B6
30) Renal columns are A) internal cavities lined by the fibrous capsule. B) expanded ends of the ureters. C) the basic functional units of the kidney. D) bundles of tissue that extend between pyramids from the cortex. E) conical structures that are located in the renal medulla.
D) bundles of tissue that extend between pyramids from the cortex.
36) What is the molecule labeled "2"? A) hydrogen atoms B) citric acid C) NADH D) carbon dioxide E) FADH2
D) carbon dioxide
90) What physiological process occurs at the structure labeled "1"? A) reabsorption B) excretion C) secretion D) filtration E) micturition
D) filtration
35) The cells of the macula densa and the juxtaglomerular cells form the A) renal corpuscle. B) filtration membrane. C) nephron loop (loop of Henle). D) juxtaglomerular complex. E) afferent arteriole.
D) juxtaglomerular complex
24) The citric acid cycle occurs in the A) cytosol. B) golgi apparatus. C) mitochondrial cristae. D) mitochondrial matrix. E) ribosome.
D) mitochondrial matrix.
44) Lipids A) deliver somewhat less energy than an equivalent mass of glucose. B) are difficult to store since they are not water soluble. C) yield quick bursts of energy. D) provide energy for cells with modest energy demands. E) are the primary nutrient metabolized in cells.
D) provide energy for cells with modest energy demands.
100) An inability of the kidneys to excrete adequately to maintain homeostasis is A) glomerulonephritis. B) polycystic kidney disease. C) calculi. D) renal failure. E) hematuria.
D) renal failure.
50) Identify the structure labeled "9." A) renal sinus B) fibrous capsule C) renal pyramid D) renal papilla E) renal column
D) renal papilla
20) The major steps in oxidative phosphorylation include all of the following, except A) removal of hydrogen atoms from a substrate molecule by coenzymes. B) ionization of hydrogen atoms. C) increasing the energy level of electrons passing through the electron transport chain. D) the breaking of carbon-carbon covalent bonds. E) the acceptance of electrons by oxygen atoms.
D) the breaking of carbon-carbon covalent bonds.
28) If 8 molecules of NADH from the citric acid cycle entered the ETS, how much ATP would be produced? A) 36 ATP B) 32 ATP C) 3 ATP D) 8 ATP E) 24 ATP
E) 24 ATP
16) In the electron transport chain A) NADH and FADH2 donate hydrogen atoms. B) reduced molecules transfer energy to ATP formation. C) oxidative phosphorylation leads to ATP formation. D) generates a concentration gradient by pumping hydrogen ions. E) All of the answers are correct.
E) All of the answers are correct.
4) Cells perform catabolism to generate ATP, which can be used for A) muscle contraction. B) ion transport. C) protein synthesis. D) glycogen synthesis. E) All of the answers are correct.
E) All of the answers are correct.
65) If heavy exercise reduces blood flow to the kidneys, which of the following might occur? A) presence of protein in urine B) presence of blood in urine C) permanent kidney injury D) damage to the glomeruli E) All of the answers are correct.
E) All of the answers are correct.
68) On a tour of African countries, Mark contracts a bad case of traveler's diarrhea. Because he can't eat very much, his body starts to use energy sources other than carbohydrates. This would result in A) increased levels of urea in the blood. B) ketosis and a decreased blood pH. C) increased gluconeogenesis in the liver. D) lipid metabolism. E) All of the answers are correct.
E) All of the answers are correct.
75) The mechanism for producing a concentrated urine involves A) the secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) by the neurohypophysis. B) aquaporins being inserted into the membranes of the collecting duct cells. C) a high concentration of NaCl in the interstitial fluid that surrounds the collecting ducts. D) an increase in facultative water reabsorption. E) All of the answers are correct.
E) All of the answers are correct.
80) A drug that inhibits angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) may lead to A) less secretion of aldosterone. B) increased urinary loss of sodium. C) reduction of blood pressure. D) decreased sodium reabsorption. E) All of the answers are correct.
E) All of the answers are correct.
85) Which of the following descriptions best matches the term nephron loop (loop of Henle)? A) relies on countercurrent multiplication B) creates high interstitial NaCl concentration C) enables production of hypertonic urine D) site of obligatory water reabsorption. E) All of the answers are correct.
E) All of the answers are correct.
104) Which of the following statements regarding brown fat is false? A) Brown fat is found in infants. B) Brown fat functions in nonshivering thermogenesis. C) Brown fat contains a rich vascular supply. D) Brown fat is innervated by the sympathetic nervous system. E) Brown fat is concentrated around visceral organs in the adult.
E) Brown fat is concentrated around visceral organs in the adult.
84) The vitamin that is essential for the production of several clotting factors is vitamin A) A. B) B. C) E. D) C. E) K.
E) K.
45) The process of filtration occurs at the A) proximal convoluted tubule. B) distal convoluted tubule. C) collecting duct. D) nephron loop (loop of Henle). E) glomerular (Bowman's) capsule.
E) glomerular (Bowman's) capsule.
25) Capillaries that surround the proximal convoluted tubules are A) proximal capillaries. B) corticoradiate capillaries. C) vasa recta capillaries. D) efferent arterioles. E) peritubular capillaries.
E) peritubular capillaries.
70) The ability to form concentrated urine depends on the functions of A) the proximal convoluted tubule. B) the distal convoluted tubule. C) the collecting duct. D) the nephron loop (loop of Henle). E) the loop of Henle and the collecting duct.
E) the loop of Henle and the collecting duct
40) Which of the following descriptions best matches the term renal papilla? A) releases renin B) creates high interstitial NaCl concentration C) final urine enters here D) initial filtrate enters here E) tip of the medullary pyramid
E) tip of the medullary pyramid
48) In order to determine the LDL level in a patient's blood it is necessary to measure A) total cholesterol level. B) HDL level. C) triglyceride level. D) triglyceride and monoglyceride levels. E) total cholesterol level, HDL level, and triglyceride level.
E) total cholesterol level, HDL level, and triglyceride level.
5) Urine is eliminated through the A) liver. B) urinary bladder. C) kidney. D) ureter. E) urethra.
E) urethra.
112) Fatty acids that are necessary for proper health but cannot be synthesized by the body are called ________.
essential fatty acids
108) The process of glycogen formation is known as ________.
glycogenesis
124) The energy content of foods is commonly given in units of ________.
kilocalories (also, kcal or Cal
116) The inherited metabolic disorder that results from the accumulation of phenylketones from phenylalanine is ________.
phenylketonuria or PKU
128) The transfer of heat energy by emission of photons is called ________.
radiation
110) The ________ is the plasma concentration at which a specific compound will begin appearing in the urine.
renal threshold