Chapter 25/27 Review
In severe dehydration or blood loss, what would be the levels of ADH and what would be the urine flow rate? a. ADH - high; low urine flow rate (0.25 ml/min) b. ADH - high; high urine flow rate (16 ml/min) c. ADH - low; low urine flow rate (0.25 ml/min) d. ADH - low; high urine flow rate (16 ml/min)
a. ADH - high; low urine flow rate (0.25 ml/min)
In overhydration, what would be the levels of ADH (high, normal, or low) and what would be the osmolarity of the urine? a. ADH - low; 100 mOsm (urine) b. ADH - low; 600 mOsm (urine) c. ADH - high; 600 mOsm (urine) d. ADH - high; 100 mOsm (urine)
a. ADH - low; 100 mOsm (urine)
The myogenic mechanism of renal autoregulation primarily involves smooth muscle in which blood vessels? a. afferent arterioles b. systemic arterioles c. efferent arterioles d. glomeruli
a. afferent arteriole
The thin segment of the nephron loop's descending limb ________. a. aids in the passive movement of water out of the tubule b. is easily broken and replaced often c. helps to pack a greater number of nephron loops into a smaller space d. aids in the passive excretion of nitrogenous waste
a. aids in the passive movement of water out of the tubule
During reabsorption of water in the proximal convoluted tubule, what causes water to diffuse from the lumen into the interstitial space? a. an increase in the osmolarity of the interstitium b. active transport of water c. a decrease in the osmolarity of the interstitium
a. an increase in the osmolarity of the interstitium
All but one of the following statements are true regarding the differences between early and late spermatids. Select the answer below that does not reflect a difference between early and late spermatids. a. Early spermatids have not undergone meiosis and are still diploid. b. Early spermatids have not formed a flagella. c. Early spermatids are round and have excessive cytoplasm. d. Early spermatids have not undergone spermiogenesis.
a. early spermatids have not undergone meiosis and are still diploid
Suppose that a patient has a failing liver and is unable to make normal levels of albumin for the blood plasma. If all other factors remain the same, what would be the effect on the amount of filtrate produced? a. Filtrate production would increase. b. Filtrate production would decrease. c. Filtrate production would remain the same.
a. filtrate production would increase
GFR regulation mechanisms primarily affect which of the following? a. glomerular hydrostatic pressure (HPg) b. blood osmotic pressure (OPg) c. capsular osmotic pressure (OPc) d. capsular hydrostatic pressure (HPc)
a. glomerular hydrostatic pressure (HPg)
The chief force pushing water and solutes out of the blood across the filtration membrane is ________. a. glomerular hydrostatic pressure (glomerular blood pressure) b. the size of the pores in the basement membrane of the capillaries c. protein-regulated diffusion d. the ionic electrochemical gradient
a. glomerular hydrostatic pressure (glomerular blood pressure)
Which of the following represents the correct pathway of the egg after leaving the ovary and entering the uterine tube? a. infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus, uterus b. uterus, isthmus, ampulla, infundibulum c. ampulla, isthmus, infundibulum, uterus d. infundibulum, isthmus, uterus, ampulla
a. infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus, uterus
Which of the following reduces circulating blood levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) when the sperm count is high? a. inhibin b. luteinizing hormone (LH) c. estradiol d. androgen-binding protein (ABP)
a. inhibin
What is the limiting factor for the reabsorption of most actively transported solutes in the proximal tubule? a. number of transport carriers in the luminal membrane b. number of transport carriers in the basolateral membrane c. number of sodium-potassium ATPase pumps in the basolateral membrane
a. number of transport carriers in the luminal membrane
The ability of sperm cells to move along the ductus deferens is due to ________. a. peristaltic contractions b. hormonal action c. enzymatic activity d. gravity
a. peristaltic contractions
Granular cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) regulate GFR indirectly through which mechanism? a. renin-angiotensin mechanism b. sympathetic nervous system controls c. myogenic mechanism d. tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism
a. renin-angiotensin mechanism
Which of the following statements is true concerning the mammary glands of both males and females? a. The mammary glands are modified sweat glands that are actually part of the integumentary system. b. The only time hormones target breast tissue is during pregnancy and lactation. c. Both sexes are equally prone to breast cancer. d. All lumps identified in breast tissue are malignant.
a. the mammary glands are modified sweat glands that are actually part of the integumentary system
Which of the following statements about ADH (antidiuretic hormone) is correct? a. ADH inserts water channels into the luminal membrane of the proximal tubules. b. ADH is released by the posterior pituitary gland. c. ADH would increase urine volume. d. ADH is synthesized by the adrenal gland and works in the kidney.
b. ADH is released by the posterior pituitary gland
Which hormone is the necessary trigger for ovulation to occur? a. progesterone b. LH c. estrogen d. FSH
b. LH
Which of the following transporters in the luminal membrane results in secretion? a. glucose carrier transporter b. Na+-H+ countertransport c. potassium ion channel d. Na+-glucose cotransporter
b. Na+-H+ countertransport
If embryonic testes do not produce testosterone, a genetic male develops female external genitalia. However, if embryonic testes properly produce testosterone, but a genetic male nevertheless develops female external genitalia, the cause could be ______. a. a mutation in the gene that codes for development of the paramesonephric ducts b. a mutation in the gene that codes for the testosterone receptor c. hyposecretion of MIF d. hypersecretion of MIF
b. a mutation in the gene that codes foe the testosterone receptor
Which portion of the sperm contains the enzymes needed to penetrate the oocyte? a. tail b. acrosome c. midpiece d. head
b. acrosome
A boy who has not passed through puberty sustains an injury to his anterior pituitary such that FSH is no longer released, but LH is normal. After he grows to maturity, one would expect that he would ________. a. not develop secondary sex characteristics b. be sterile c. have impaired function of interstitial endocrine cells d. be impotent (unable to have an erection)
b. be sterile
Which of the following conditions might contribute to an increased probability of having an ectopic pregnancy? a. reduced blood flow to the ovaries b. decreased number of cilia in the uterine tubes c. reduced number of granulosa cells d. decreased rate of formation of vesicular follicles
b. decreased number of cilia in the uterine tubes
A low secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) in the normal male adult would cause ________. a. increased spermatogenesis b. decreased testosterone secretion c. excessive beard growth d. shrinkage of the anterior pituitary gland
b. decreased testosterone secretion
In humans, separation of the cells at the two-cell state following fertilization may lead to the production of twins, which in this case would be ________. a. potentially of different sexes b. genetically identical c. fraternal d. dizygotic
b. genetically identical
Select the correct statement about the hormonal events of the ovarian cycle. a. The follicle begins to secrete progesterone in response to estrogen stimulation. b. High estrogen levels result in a surge of LH release. c. The LH surge stimulates further development of the secondary oocyte. d. Rising levels of estrogen start follicle development.
b. high estrogen levels result in a surge of LH release
The cells that produce testosterone in the testis are called ________. a. spermatogonia b. interstitial endocrine cells c. sustenocytes d. spermatocytes
b. interstitial endocrine cells
What is the osmolarity of the filtrate at the end of the proximal tubule? a. hypotonic - 100 mOsm b. isotonic - 300 mOsm c. hypertonic - 600 mOsm d. hypertonic - 1200 mOsm
b. isotonic - 300 mOsm
The cause of cryptorchidism is typically not understood, but one possible cause might be a narrowing of the inguinal canal. This narrowing could arise from encroachment by any EXCEPT which of the following muscles? a. transversus abdominis b. latissimus dorsi c. internal oblique d. external oblique
b. latissimus dorsi
A 38-year-old male is upset about his low sperm count and visits a "practitioner" who commonly advertises his miracle cures of sterility. The practitioner is a quack who treats conditions of low sperm count with megadoses of testosterone. The patient experiences a huge surge in libido. Would this treatment result in a higher or lower sperm count, and why? a. Lower sperm count. High levels of testosterone directly inhibit spermatogenesis. b. Lower sperm count. High levels of testosterone inhibit the release of GnRH, inhibiting FSH release, resulting in direct inhibition of spermatogenesis. c. Lower sperm count. High levels of testosterone inhibit the release of GnRH, inhibiting LH release, resulting in direct inhibition of spermatogenesis. d. Higher sperm count. High levels of testosterone enhance the release of GnRH, enhancing the release of FSH, resulting in increased spermatogenesis. e. Higher sperm count. High levels of testosterone enhance the release of GnRH, enhancing the release of FSH and LH, resulting in increased spermatogenesis.
b. lower sperm count. High levels of testosterone inhibit the release of GnRH, inhibiting FSH to release, resulting in direct inhibition of spermatogenesis.
Which part of the brain controls the micturition reflex? a. hypothalamus b. pons c. cerebrum d. medulla oblongata
b. pons
During the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle ________. a. estrogen reaches its highest levels b. progesterone levels are at their highest c. LH reaches its highest levels d. the Graafian follicle forms
b. progesterone levels are at their highest
What area of the nephron is responsible for the reabsorption of most of the water from the filtrate as well as most nutrients? a. descending nephron loop b. proximal convoluted tubule c. distal convoluted tubule d. collecting duct
b. proximal convoluted tubule
If the diameter of the efferent arterioles leading away from the glomerulus increases (vasodilation) which of the following is not likely to occur? a. Urine output will decrease. b. Systemic blood pressure will decrease. c. Glomerular filtration rate will decrease. d. Net filtration pressure will decrease.
b. systemic blood pressure will decrease
A nonfasting urine sample from an individual who had previously ingested donuts and a soft drink showed the presence of sugar (glucose). Which of the following statements explains the presence of glucose in the urine? a. The individual has diabetes mellitus. b. The individual exceeded the transport maximum. c. Some glucose is always present in the urine. d. The individual is glucose intolerant.
b. the individual exceeded the transport maximun
All but one of the following statements is true of uterine function. Select the statement that is not true of uterine function. a. Its rhythmic, reverse peristalsis can propel sperm toward the egg. b. The narrow portion of the uterus near the cervix is the most typical site of fertilization. c. The endometrium has a functional layer that the embryo will implant into. d. The myometrium contracts to expel the fetus during child birth.
b. the narrow portion of the uterus near the cervix is the most typical site of fertilization
Which of the following is an INCORRECT matching of female reproductive structures with their functions? a. vagina: birth canal b. uterine tube: transport unfertilized ovum to uterus for removal from the body c. ovarian follicle: ovum (egg) production d. uterus: the womb--area of development of the fetus
b. uterine tube: transported unfertilized ovum to uterus for removal from the body
Since most patients with renal failure produce little or no urine, hemodialysis often involves removal of water from the blood. However, side-effects may develop if too much fluid is removed from the blood. Which of the following is NOT one of the potential side-effects? a. dizziness b. vasoconstriction of afferent arterioles c. low blood pressure d. muscle fatigue
b. vasoconstriction of afferent arterioles
Through the tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism, how would an increase in filtrate NaCl concentration affect afferent arteriole diameter? a. Afferent arteriole diameter would stay about the same. b. Afferent arteriole diameter would increase. c. Afferent arteriole diameter would decrease.
c. afferent arteriole diameter would decrease
What hormone promotes active tubular secretion of potassium ions into, along with sodium reabsorption from, filtrate in the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) and collecting ducts? a. parathyroid hormone (PTH) b. antidiuretic hormone (ADH) c. aldosterone d. atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
c. aldosterone
Normally menstruation occurs when ________. a. blood levels of FSH fall off b. blood levels of estrogen and progesterone increase c. blood levels of estrogen and progesterone decrease d. the corpus luteum secretes estrogen
c. blood levels of estrogen and progesterone decrease
Which of the choices below is not a glomerular filtration rate control method? a. hormonal regulation b. neural regulation c. electrolyte levels d. renal autoregulation
c. electrolyte levels
What does a high concentration of NaCl in the renal tubule at the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) most likely indicate? a. excessive NaCl reabsorption due to high GFR b. excessive NaCl reabsorption due to low GFR c. insufficient NaCl reabsorption due to high GFR d. insufficient NaCl reabsorption due to low GFR
c. insufficient NaCl reabsorption due to high GFR
What would happen if the capsular hydrostatic pressure were increased above normal? a. Net filtration would increase above normal. b. Filtration would increase in proportion to the increase in capsular pressure. c. Net filtration would decrease. d. Capsular osmotic pressure would compensate so that filtration would not change.
c. net filtration would decrease
If an untrained person induces an abortion and severely punctures the posterior vaginal wall, there is a potential risk of the puncture wound extending onward into the wall of the ______. a. urinary bladder b. urethra c. rectum d. gluteus maximus
c. rectum
Which of the following phases or processes in the monthly reproductive cycle of the female occur simultaneously? a. maximal LH secretion and menstruation b. early follicular development and the secretory phase in the uterus c. regression of the corpus luteum and a decrease in ovarian progesterone secretion d. maximal steroid secretion by the corpus luteum and menstruation
c. regression of the corpus luteum and a decrease in ovarian progesterone secretion
Although effective in treating erectile dysfunction, Viagra has the side effect of reducing systemic blood pressure by causing ______. a. a reduction in cardiac output b. a reduction in parasympathetic stimulation of penile arterioles c. relaxation of muscle tissue in arteries d. decreased blood flow to the ventricular walls
c. relaxation of muscle tissue in arteries
The active transport of which ion out of proximal convoluted tubule cells causes the reabsorption of both water and solutes? a. chloride b. potassium c. sodium
c. sodium
Why are the male testes located in the scrotum, outside the body? a. It helps the male secondary sexual characteristics develop. b. The testes develop better outside the body. c. Spermatogenesis is temperature sensitive. d. Their external location is necessary for penile development.
c. spermatogenesis is temperature sensitive
The relatively long half-life of lipid soluble hormones (steroid hormones) compared to water soluble hormones is due in part to the way that these hormones are passed into the filtrate from the glomerular capillaries. From the list below select the best explanation for why lipid soluble (steroid) hormones have a relatively long half-life. a. The relatively small size of steroid hormones allows them to easily pass back into the peritubular capillaries if released into the filtrate. b. Steroid hormones are absorbed by target cells before they can reach the kidneys. c. Steroid hormones travel in the plasma on large transport proteins that cannon pass through the filtration membrane. d. The large size of the steroid hormones prevents them from passing through the filtration membrane.
c. steroid hormones travel in the plasma on large transport proteins that cannot pass through the filtration membrane
What is the main difference between oogenesis and spermatogenesis in terms of meiosis? a. Oogenesis produces three polar bodies, while spermatogenesis produces only one. b. Oogenesis does not include a second meiotic division. c. The number of functional gametes produced is different. d. Oogenesis takes place in the uterus, while spermatogenesis takes place in gonadal tissue.
c. the number of functional gametes produced is different
The decreased intracellular concentration of sodium in tubular cells during active transport is caused by which of the following mechanisms? a. passive sodium channels b. the sodium-potassium ATPase pump in the luminal membrane c. the sodium-potassium ATPase pump in the basolateral membrane d. sodium-glucose cotransporter
c. the sodium-potassium ATPase pump in the basolateral membrane
Hydrostatic pressure is the primary driving force of plasma through the filtration membrane into the capsular space. All but one of the following statements reflects why hydrostatic pressure is so high in the glomerular capillaries. Select the one statement that does not explain the high pressure within the glomerular capillaries. a. The flow of blood is reduces as blood reaches the efferent arteriole. b. The volume of plasma in the efferent arteriole is higher when compared to the afferent arteriole. c. The diameter of the efferent arteriole is smaller than the afferent arteriole. d. The efferent arteriole has higher resistance to blood flow than the afferent arteriole.
c. the volume of plasma in the efferent arteriole is higher when compared to the afferent arteriole
Macula densa cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) regulate GFR through which intrinsic mechanism? a. sympathetic nervous system control b. renin-angiotensin mechanism c. tubuloglomerular feedback d. myogenic mechanism
c. tubuloglomerular feedback
Which gland is NOT matched with its type of secretion? a. prostate gland: milky, acidic semen b. bulbourethral glands: lubricating secretion c. urethra: clear, viscous mucus that neutralizes urine d. seminal vesicles: 70% of seminal volume
c. urethra: clear, viscous mucus that neutralizes urine
Which of the following statements about aldosterone is NOT correct? a. Aldosterone is produced in the adrenal cortex. b. Aldosterone is stimulated by decreased plasma sodium levels and increased plasma potassium levels. c. Aldosterone increases the number of passive sodium channels in the luminal membrane of the distal tubule and collecting duct, thus aiding sodium reabsorption. d. Aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption by increasing the number of Na+-K+ ATPase pumps in the luminal membrane of the proximal tubule.
d. aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption by increasing the number of Na+-K+ ATPase pumps in the luminal membrane of the proximal tubule.
What ovarian structure forms at the beginning of the secretory phase, encouraging its progress, and then degenerates just before menses? a. corpus albicans b. primary follicle c. vesicular follicle d. corpus luteum
d. corpus luteum
Upon reaching what point in the nephron is reabsorption (1) dependent upon the body's needs at the time and (2) regulated by hormones? a. proximal convoluted tubule b. descending limb of the loop of Henle c. ascending limb of the loop of Henle d. distal convoluted tubule
d. distal convoluted tubule
Bulk flow of nutrients, ions and water into the peritubular capillaries is the result of all of the following except one. Select the answer below that does not describe a cause of bulk flow of fluids into the peritubular capillaries. a. higher osmotic pressure in the peritubular capillary b. increased resistance to blood flow at the efferent arteriole c. lower hydrostatic pressure in the peritubular capillary d. leaky tight junctions of peritubular capillary's endothelium
d. leaky tight junctions of peritubular capillary's endothelium
A surge in __________ directly triggers ovulation. a. progesterone b. follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) c. estrogen d. luteinizing hormone (LH)
d. luteinizing hormone (LH)
Which of the following are mechanisms of intrinsic control of glomerular filtration (renal autoregulation)? a. tubuloglomerular feedback and the renin-angiotensin mechanism b. myogenic mechanism and sympathetic nervous system control c. sympathetic nervous system control and the renin-angiotensin mechanism d. myogenic mechanism and tubuloglomerular feedback
d. mygenic mechanism and tubuloglomerular feedback
Ellen, a 47-year-old woman who has suffered kidney disease for several years, has been diagnosed with proteinuria. Her legs and feet are so swollen that she has difficulty walking. Her hands and her left arm are also swollen. What is proteinuria, and could this condition be playing a role in her swollen limbs? a. Proteinuria is when the liver does not make enough plasma proteins, resulting in a decreased colloid osmotic pressure. This causes more fluid to leave the blood into the tissues in the body, resulting in edema. b. Proteinuria is a condition in which proteins are actively secreted into the kidneys at the DCT. This decreases the colloid osmotic pressure, causing more fluid to leave the blood into the tissues in the body, resulting in edema. c. Proteinuria is when there are excessive levels of protein in the blood, resulting in an increased colloid osmotic pressure. The increased osmotic pressure forces fluid into the tissues, resulting in edema. d. Proteinuria is a condition in which large amounts of plasma proteins pass into the glomerular filtrate and are excreted in the urine, decreasing the colloid osmotic pressure. This causes more fluid to leave the blood into the tissues in the body, resulting in edema. e. Proteinuria is when there are excessive levels of protein in the blood, resulting in an increased colloid osmotic pressure. This does not relate to the edema seen in this case.
d. proteinuria is a condition in which large amounts of plasma proteins pass into the glomerular filtrate and are excreted in the urine, decreasing the colloid osmotic pressure. This causes more fluid to leave the blood into the tissues in the body, resulting in edema.
If the diameter of the afferent arterioles leading to the glomerulus decreases (vasoconstriction) which of the following is not likely to occur? a. Glomerular filtration rate will decrease. b. Urine output will decrease. c. Net filtration pressure will decrease. d. Systemic blood pressure will decrease.
d. systemic blood pressure will decrease
All but one of the following statements is true with regard to the blood testis barrier. Select the one statement that is false. a. Sustentocytes form the barrier with tight junctions. b. The barrier separates the spermatocytes dividing by meiosis from exposing their unique antigens to the immune system. c. The barrier marks the border between the basal compartment and the adluminal compartment. d. The barrier is made up of astrocytes that surround blood vessels in the testis.
d. the barrier is made up of astrocytes that surround blood vessels in the testis
Why is it difficult for someone to defecate when stressed? a. The internal anal sphincter relaxes under sympathetic stimulus. b. The levator ani muscle contracts when it receives parasympathetic stimulation. c. The sigmoid colon and rectum muscles contract with sympathetic stimulation. d. The external anal sphincter under conscious (voluntary) control does not receive a brain signal to relax.
d. the external anal sphincter under conscious (voluntary) control does not receive a brain signal to relax
Occasionally three polar bodies are found clinging to the mature ovum. One came from an unequal division of the ovum, but from where did the other two arise? a. What you really see are two polar bodies and the sperm that will fertilize the egg. b. There were originally four polar bodies and one disappeared. c. One is an undeveloped primary oocyte that failed to mature. d. The first polar body has also divided to produce two polar bodies.
d. the first polar body had also divided to produce two polar bodies
The oral contraceptive pill, informally called "the pill" contains an estrogen and progesterone or a synthetic mimic of this hormone. The combination of these two hormones taken in the pill and circulating in the blood work because. a. The hormones prevent the proliferative or secretory phase of the menstrual cycle and the embryo will have no place to implant. b. The hormones create an acid condition in the vagina that acts as a spermicide. c. The hormones cause a thickening of the mucus plug at the cervix that prevents sperm from penetrating the womb and reaching the ovulated egg. d. The hormones cause the woman's body to mimic the activities of a pregnancy and disrupt the ovarian cycle, preventing ovulation.
d. the hormones cause the woman's body to mimic the activities of pregnancy and disrupt the ovarian cycle, preventing ovulation.
Which of the following best describes glomerular filtration rate (GFR)? a. the volume of urine leaving the kidneys per minute b. the volume of blood flowing through the glomerular capillaries per minute c. the volume of filtrate created at the glomerulus per liter of blood flowing through the glomerular capillaries d. the volume of filtrate created by the kidneys per minute
d. the volume of filtrate created by the kidneys per minute
The dartos and cremaster muscles are important to the integrity of the male reproductive system. Which of the following is true about the role they play? a. They are responsible for penile erection. b. They contract to push sperm along the ductus deferens. c. They contract to allow ejaculation. d. They regulate the temperature of the testes.
d. they regulate the temperature of the testes
How can an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor) such as captopril be effective as an antihypertensive? a. ACE inhibitors reduce blood pressure by causing less atrial natriuretic peptide to be released, resulting in more water output and a lowering of the blood volume, which lowers the blood pressure. b. ACE inhibitors reduce blood pressure by causing less antidiuretic hormone to be released, resulting in more water output and a lowering of the blood volume, which lowers the blood pressure. c. ACE inhibitors reduce blood pressure by causing less aldosterone to be released, resulting in more water output and a lowering of the blood volume, which lowers the blood pressure. d. ACE inhibitors reduce blood pressure by causing vasodilation in the blood vessels. e. ACE inhibitors reduce blood pressure by causing less aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone to be released, resulting in more water output and a lowering of the blood volume, which lowers the blood pressure.
e. ACE inhibitors reduce blood pressure by causing less aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone to be released, resulting in more water output and a lowering of the blood volume, which lowers the blood pressure.
Spermatogenesis is meiotic cell division that produces four genetically identical sperm cells. True False
false
Most solutes that are reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule use which of the following pathways? paracellular transcellular
transcellular
A relatively large afferent arteriole on one side of the glomerulus compared to a relatively smaller efferent arteriole creates an increase in hydrostatic pressure that drives glomerular filtration. True False
true
Incontinence is the inability to control voluntary micturition. True False
true
The Pap smear is a test to detect cancerous changes in cells of the cervix. True False
true
The secretions of the bulbo-urethral glands neutralize traces of acidic urine in the urethra and serve as a lubricant during sexual intercourse. True False
true
