Chapter 26 Metabolism Flash Cards
Wally decides to go on a hunger strike to further one of his favorite causes. After 7 days of nothing but water you would expect to observe __________ A) Elevated levels of Glucocorticoids. B) Decreased respiratory minute volume. C) Elevated blood pH. D) Elevated levels of insulin. E) Decreased urine output.
A
A (n) ________ contains all of the essential amino acids. A) Complete protein. B) Incomplete protein.
A
A (n) ________ contains all of the ingredients necessary to maintain homeostasis. A) Balanced diet. B) Under nutrition. C) Over nutrition.
A
A (n) ________ is deficient in one or more of the essential amino acids. A) Incomplete protein. B) Complete protein.
A
Which of the following individuals would have the greater BMR? a. a nursing mother 34 years old b. a non-nursing woman 34 years old c. On average, they will be equal.
A
_____ is the direct transfer of heat energy from one object to another. A) Conduction. B) Convection. C) Evaporation. D) Radiation.
A
_______ is the homeostatic process that allows us to maintain a constant body temperature. A) Thermoregulation. B) Calorie regulation. C) Metabolic regulation. D) Neural regulation.
A
_______ is the loss of heat energy by vaporizing water. A) Evaporation. B) Conduction. C) Convection. D) Radiation.
A
________ are inorganic ions released through the dissociation of electrolytes. A) Minerals. B) Vitamins. C) Amino acids.
A
________ is an unhealthy state resulting from inadequate intake of one or more nutrients that becomes life-threatening as the deficiencies accumulate. A) Malnutrition. B) Good nutrition.
A
________ is the most important mechanism for the generation of ATP. A) Oxidative phosphorylation. B) Glycolysis. C) Lypolysis.
A
________ is the transfer of heat energy to air. A) Convection. B) Conduction. C) Evaporation. D) Radiation.
A
Which of the following is a complement of glucocorticoids? A) Growth hormone. B) Androgens. C) Insulin. D) Glucagon
A (growth hormone breaks down fat to make energy, glucocorticoids break down protein for energy, and some fat - they both do glucose sparing effect)
During lipolysis ___________. A) Lipids are converted into glucose molecules. B) Triglycerides are converted into acetyl-CoA. C) Lipids are metabolized to yield ATP. D) Lipids are formed from excess carbohydrates. E) Triglycerides are broken down into glycerol and fatty acids.
E
The presence of ketone bodies in the urine is known as A) Hematuria. B) Ketonuria. C) Uremia. D) Polyuria. E) Phenylketonuria.
B
The process of deamination of amino group produces ______. A) B vitamins. B) Ammonia. C) Ketoacids. D) Urea.
B
The process of glycogen formation is known as ________. A) Gluconeogenesis. B) Glycogenesis.
B
Two individuals are the same age, sex, and ethnic background. While being tested for their BMR, Bill consumes 20 liters of oxygen/hour and Randy consumes 16 liters of oxygen/hour. Which of the two needs to consume more calories in order to maintain proper health and constant weight? A) Randy. B) Bill. C) Neither Bill nor Randy.
B
Which of the following would lose heat faster? A) An obese person. B) A tall thin person.
B
Which vitamin is water soluble?. A) A. B) C. C) E D) D. E) K.
B
1) The vitamin that is essential for the production of several clotting factors is vitamin A) A. B) C. C) K. D) B. E) E.
C
A growing child is in a state of A) Negative nitrogen balance. B) Nitrogen equilibrium. C) Positive nitrogen balance.
C
A malfunction of the thermoregulatory mechanisms caused by excessive fluid loss in perspiration is known as A) Afebrile reaction. B) Hemolytic reaction. C) Heat exhaustion. D) Frostbite. E) Thermoneogenesis.
C
A mineral that is a component of hemoglobin, myoglobin, and cytochromes is A) Zinc. B) Magnesium. C) Iron. D) Calcium. E) Cobalt.
C
For adults, there are ________ essential amino acids. A) 2. B) 6. C) 9. D) 11. E) 20.
C
Impaired fat absorption in the intestine would interfere with the absorption of ______. A) Vitamin B12. B) Vitamin C. C) Vitamin A. D) Riboflavin. E) Niacin.
C
Lipids ______. A) Are easily mobilized from their reserves. B) Are difficult to store since they are not water soluble. C) Provide energy for cells with modest energy demands and for skeletal muscle when energy demands are low. D) Release less energy than an equivalent amount of glucose. E) Both B and C.
C
Most of the carbon dioxide of respiration is formed during ________. A) Electron transport. B) Formation of pyruvic acid. C) The Krebs (TCA) cycle. D) Glycolysis. E) The formation of water.
C
The mineral that is necessary for the proper function of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase is A) Iodine. B) Cobalt. C) Zinc. D) Selenium. E) Iron.
C
The vitamin that is a constituent of the coenzymes FAD and FMN is A) Thiamine. B) Cobalamin. C) Riboflavin. D) Folacin. E) Niacin.
C
Urea is formed in the __________. A) Small intestine. B) Kidneys. C) Liver. D) Large intestine. E) Stomach.
C
A balanced diet should a. include adequate substrates for the production of energy. b. provide essential amino acids and fatty acids. c. contain adequate amounts of vitamins and minerals. d. all of the above e. B and C only
D
A cation that is essential for muscle contraction, nerve function, and blood clotting is A) Magnesium. B) Selenium. C) Potassium. D) Calcium. E) Sodium.
D
A high uric acid level above 7.4 mg/dl can lead to the painful condition known as A) Rheumatoid arthritis. B) Lupus. C) Anorexia. D) Gout. E) none of the above
D
A vitamin that plays the role of a coenzyme in amino acid and lipid metabolism is A) Riboflavin. B) Niacin. C) Folacin. D) Pyridoxine (B6). E) Pantothenic acid.
D
During starvation a. carbohydrate utilization increases. b. gluconeogenesis accelerates. c. there is a decline in circulating ketone bodies. d. muscle proteins are used as an energy source. e. both B and D
E
A drug that blocks the action of lipoprotein lipase would ________. A) Raise blood levels of VLDLs. B) Interfere with fat digestion. C) Provide more fatty acids for adipocytes. D) Increase the synthesis of cholesterol by the liver. E) Decrease the emulsifying action of bile.
A
Although other nutrients can be broken down to provide substrates for the TCA cycle, ________ requires the least processing and preparation. A) Carbohydrate. B) Protein. C) Iron. D) Glycogen. E) Both A and C.
A
An ion that is a necessary component of high-energy compounds and nucleic acids and a structural component of bone is the ________ ion. A) phosphate B) chloride C) iodide D) bicarbonate E) sulfate
A
Anaerobic respiration does not require oxygen. A) True B) False
A
Catabolism within mitochondria provides the ATP needed to sustain cell functions. A) True. B) False.
A
A diet that includes just enough carbohydrate and lipid to meet the needs for one day would ____________. A) Not maintain homeostasis. B) Be inefficient from an energy standpoint. C) Be incomplete. D) Be a potential cause of dehydration. E) Be protein sparing.
E
A mineral that is a necessary cofactor for hemoglobin synthesis is A) Silicon. B) Cobalt. C) Iodine. D) Iron. E) Copper.
E
Cells expend energy because of their need to _____________. A) Secrete. B) Contract. C) Expand. D) Grow. E) All of the above.
E
Cells must synthesize new organic compounds A) Store nutrient reserves. B) Support growth. C) Perform structural maintenance or repairs. D) Produce secretions. E) All of the above
E
In order for glycolysis to occur, ________ must be present. A) NAD B) appropriate cytoplasmic enzymes C) glucose molecules D) ATP and ADP E) all of the above
E
In the electron transport chain _______. A) Oxidative phosphorylation takes place and ATP is formed. B) Oxidized molecules gain energy at the expense of reduced molecules. C) Coenzymes receive hydrogen atoms from NADH2 and FADH2. D) All of the above. E) A and C only.
E
In the human body, cholesterol is important because it A) Waterproofs the epidermis. B) Is a lipid component of all cell membranes. C) Is the precursor of several steroid hormones and vitamin D3. D) Is a key constituent of bile. E) All of the above.
E
In the process of cellular respiration, each molecule of glucose that is completely metabolized yields ________ molecules of ATP. A) 2. B) 4. C) 30. D) 37. E) 38.
E
Inside the mitochondrion, each pyruvic acid molecule _______. A) Forms a molecule of citric acid. B) Directly enters the electron transport system. C) Is phosphorylated. D) Attaches to NAD. E) Loses a carbon atom.
E
Linoleic acid and linolenic acid are examples of _________. A) vitamins. B) transport proteins. C) Essential amino acids. D) Lipoproteins. E) Essential fatty acids.
E
Lipogenesis generally begins with __________. A) Fatty acids. B) Amino acids. C) Glucose. D) Succinyl-CoA. E) Acetyl-CoA.
E
Lipoproteins containing triglycerides manufactured in the liver are transported to peripheral tissues and are called _____. A) Very high-density lipoproteins. B) Low-density lipoproteins. C) Intermediate-density lipoproteins. D) High-density lipoproteins. E) Very low-density lipoproteins.
E
During glycolysis ____________. A) A molecule of glucose is converted into two molecules of pyruvic acid. B) 6 molecules of ATP are produced. C) More energy is used than is released. D) NADH2 molecules attach to the cytochromes. E) Carbon dioxide is produced.
A
During the absorptive state __________. A) The liver forms glycogen. B) Glucagon levels are elevated. C) Adipocytes contribute fatty acids to the circulation. D) Skeletal muscle breaks down glycogen. E) Both A and D.
A
Eating a diet high in fats, oils, and sweets provides numerous ________ but deficient________. A) Calorie; vitamins and minerals. B) vitamins and minerals; calorie. C) Calorie; glucose. D) Glucose; calorie.
A
Eating disorders are common among young adolescent girls. They result from a psychological problem that causes inadequate or excessive food consumption. Two major eating disorders are ________ and ________. A) Anorexia; bulimia. B) Starvation; overeating. C) Gout; arthritis.
A
In general, glucose enters cells by a process called facilitated diffusion. A) True B) False
A
In the liver, some of the lactic acid is converted to A) glycogen B) myoglobin C) ADP D) acetylcholinesterase
A
Lipoproteins carrying mostly cholesterol and phospholipids from peripheral tissues to the liver are called __________. A) High-density lipoproteins. B) Low-density lipoproteins. C) Intermediate-density lipoproteins. D) Very high-density lipoproteins. E) Very low-density lipoproteins.
A
Most heat is lost from the body through the process of _________. a. radiation. b. conduction. c. convection. d. evaporation. e. concentration.
A
On a tour of African countries, Don contracts a bad case of traveler's diarrhea. Because he can't eat very much, his body starts to use energy sources other than carbohydrates. This would result in _____ A) Increased Gluconeogenesis in the liver. B) Ketosis and an increased blood pH. C) Decreased levels of urea in the blood. D) All of the above. E) B and C only.
A
Reactions within the ________ provide most of the energy needed by a typical cell. A) Mitochondria. B) Cytoplasm. C) Endoplasmic reticulum. D) Cell wall. E) None of the above.
A
The ________ of the mitochondrion contains large-diameter pores that are permeable to ions and small organic molecules such as pyruvic acid. A) Outer membrane. B) Inner membrane. C) Powerhouse. D) Cell wall. E) Center.
A
The ________ represents the minimum resting energy expenditures of an awake, alert individual. A) Basal metabolic rate. B) Resting metabolic rate. C) Metabolic rate.
A
The basic building blocks of proteins are amino acids A) True B) False
A
The energy content of a material can be measured by a device called a (n) ________. A) Calorimeter. B) Fat meter. C) Glucose meter.
A
The lipoproteins that carry absorbed lipids from the intestinal tract to the bloodstream are the ___________. A) Chylomicrons. B) VLDLs. C) LDLs. D) HDLs. E) none of the above
A
The liver converts ammonia to A) Urea. B) Uric acid. C) Amino acids. D) Protein. E) VLDL.
A
The process of synthesizing glucose from lipids and amino acids is ________. A) Gluconeogenesis. B) Glycogenesis.
A
The unit of measurement used for the energy content of food is the ________. A) Calorie or kilocalorie. B) Centimeter. C) Calorimeter. D) Meter.
A
The vitamin that acts as a coenzyme in decarboxylation reactions is A) Thiamine. B) Riboflavin. C) niacin. D) cobalamin. E) folacin.
A
The vitamin that is a coenzyme in amino acid and nucleic acid metabolism is A) Folacin. B) Vitamin K. C) Pantothenic acid. D) pyridoxine (B6). E) vitamine C.
A
The vitamin that plays a role in maintaining epithelia and is required for the synthesis of visual pigments is vitamin A) A. B) B. C) C. D) D. E) E.
A
Unsaturated fatty acids that are necessary for proper health but cannot be synthesized by the body are called ________. A) Essential fatty acids. B) Chylomicrons.
A
A disease caused by the ingestion of excessive quantities of one or more vitamins is known as ____________. A) Protein deficiency disease. B) Hypervitaminosis. C) Kwashiorkor. D) Avitaminosis. E) Carbohydrate loading.
B
Each FADH2 will produce ________ATP A) 1. B) 2. C) 3. D) 4. E) 5.
B
In glycolysis, each metabolized molecule of glucose releases how many ATP? A) 1 B) 4 C) 30 D) 36 E) 38
B
In oxidative phosphorylation, the energy for the synthesis of ATP is provided by A) The oxidation of acetyl-CoA. B) The movement of hydrogen ions through channels in the respiratory enzymes. C) The breaking of the covalent bonds in glucose. D) The splitting of oxygen molecules. E) The combination of two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen to form water.
B
In transamination, the amino group of an amino acid is ____________. A) Transferred to acetyl-CoA. B) Transferred to a ketoacid. C) Transferred to a molecule in the glycolytic pathway. D) Converted to urea. E) Converted to ammonia.
B
Mitochondria are not picky metabolizers. They will accept any molecules for energy production. A) True. B) False.
B
All of the following are true of beta-oxidation, except that A) It occurs in the mitochondria. B) It requires coenzyme A, NAD, and FAD. C) It yields large amounts of ATP. D) it converts lipids into glycogen molecules. E) It is the process that breaks down fatty acids into two-carbon fragments that can be metabolized by the TCA cycle.
D
All of the following occur when the temperature of the preoptic nucleus drops below acceptable levels, except _____________. A) Blood returning from limbs is shunted to deep veins. B) Epinephrine levels rise. C) Non-shivering thermogenesis occurs. D) Blood flow to the skin increases. E) Shivering thermogenesis occurs.
D
Catabolism of protein is not a practical source of quick energy because of all of the following, except _________. A) Extensive destruction of protein would threaten homeostasis at the cellular and organismal levels. B) One of the by-products of protein catabolism is a toxin. C) Proteins are more difficult to break apart than lipids or carbohydrates. D) Most cells do not contain the enzyme necessary to break the peptide bonds. E) The energy yield from protein is less than the yield from lipids.
D
Cells synthesize new organic components for which of the following reasons? a. structural maintenance b. growth and repair c. secrete d. all of the above e. A and B only
D
Each cytochrome contains a. a protein. b. a pigment. c. a coenzyme. d. both A and B e. both A and C
D
Glucocorticoids have which of the following effects on general peripheral tissues? A) They decrease the use of glucose. B) They increase the reliance on fatty acids. C) They increase use of glucose. D) Both A and B. E) Both B and C.
D
If you were in a desert without water, which nutrient would you like to have stored in your body in a large amount? A) Protein. B) Complex carbohydrates. C) Sugars. D) Fat. E) Amino acids.
D
In a disease that causes the destruction of a large number of cells and their nuclei, it would not be unusual to see an elevation in the blood levels of _________. A) Ammonia. B) Ketone bodies. C) RNA. D) Uric acid. E) DNA.
D
Inadequate exposure to sunlight could result in decreased amounts of vitamin ________ in the body. a. A b. B12 c. C d. D e. E
D
Many high school athletic teams host dinners the night before a big sporting event to feed the members of the team. Common meals include spaghetti and pastas. This is a common phenomenon termed A) The Atkins diet. B) Glycolysis reaction. C) Carbohydrate craving. D) Carbohydrate loading. E) Overeating.
D
Nucleotides from RNA _________. A) Can be used to synthesize proteins. B) Cannot be used as a source of energy to produce ATP. C) Cannot be recycled. D) Can provide sugars for glycolysis. E) Are deaminated to form ammonia.
D
The nutrients that yield the most energy per gram when metabolized are ________. A) Nucleic acids. B) Vitamins. C) Carbohydrates. D) Fats. E) proteins.
D
The vitamin that is a constituent of coenzyme A is A) Riboflavin. B) Pyridoxine (B6). C) Folacin. D) Pantothenic acid. E) Niacin.
D
The vitamin that is a constituent of the coenzyme NAD is A) Cobalamin. B) Folacin. C) Thiamine. D) Niacin. E) Riboflavin.
D
The vitamin that is required for proper bone growth and for calcium absorption and retention is vitamin A) A. B) B. C) C. D) D. E) E.
D
Which of the following individuals is most likely to have problems as a result of their cholesterol levels? A) A 19-year-old with a normal LDL and a high total cholesterol level. B) A 25-year-old male with a total cholesterol of 190. C) A 50-year-old who doesn't exercise and has a total cholesterol of 200. D) A 45-year-old male with a total cholesterol of 225 who has had four family members die from coronary artery disease. E) Both A and C.
D
Which of the following individuals would lose heat fastest in a cold room? A) A child. B) An adolescent male. C) An adult woman. D) A newborn infant. E) An adult man.
D
Mary is 18 years old. She is severely underweight, her skin is dry, and there are signs of peripheral edema. Her heart rate and blood pressure are unusually low and she has trouble concentrating on things. She tells her physician that she believes she is 30 pounds overweight and that she needs to diet. Mary probably has A) Phenylketonuria. B) Gout. C) Hepatitis. D) Lactose intolerance. E) Anorexia nervosa.
E
Purines ___________. A) Provide sugars for the TCA cycle. B) Can be used to form proteins. C) When degraded produce urea. D) Are readily catabolized in glycolysis. E) Are excreted as uric acid.
E
The sum of all of the biochemical processes going on within the human body at any given time is called a. glycolysis. b. oxidative phosphorylation. c. catabolism. d. anabolism. e. metabolism.
E
The vitamin that prevents the destruction of vitamin A and fatty acids is vitamin A) A. B) B. C) C. D) D. E) E.
E
When the body is relying on internal energy reserves to continue meeting its energy demands, it is in the ________. A) Starvation state. B) Preabsorptive state. C) Absorptive state. D) Deprivation state. E) Postabsorptive state.
E
When the temperature of the preoptic center exceeds its thermostat setting, a. peripheral vasoconstriction occurs. b. skin blood flow increases. c. integumentary blood flow increases. d. sweat glands are inhibited. e. both B and C
E
Which of the following influence an individual's BMR ___________? A) Body height. B) Body weight. C) Genetics. D) Age. E) All of the above.
E
You are working in an outpatient clinic as a volunteer. Today, you are helping a nurse organize lab results from a recent cholesterol screening. The nurse teaches you that anyone with a total cholesterol level between 200 and 239 mg/dl should A) Lose weight if overweight. B) Modify his or her diet. C) Have annual checkups. D) Not worry about it if he or she exercises. E) A, B, and C.
E
all of the following are true of the brown fat except __________. A) It is innervated by the sympathetic nervous system. B) Functions in non-shivering thermogenesis. C) it is found in infants. D) It contains a rich vascular supply. E) It is concentrated around visceral organs in the adult.
E
Catabolism of amino acids requires vitamin _______. A) A. B) B12. C) B6. D) C. E) Niacin.
c