chapter 26
If humans continue to develop rapid transportation systems into more parts of the world we can expect to see
Pandemics tracing the path of the transportation system (air travel)
An effective bioweapon would be one that capitalizes on which type of transmission?
Person-to-person
Vaccinating wild rodents or poultry
Reduces transmission of zoonotic disease to human
Read the case history and then answer the questions.The StowawayIn 2003, a 48-year-old man was hospitalized in Dutchess County, New York, with a 101°F (38.4°C) fever, headache, and body aches. He also had difficulty breathing. He had just returned from a business trip to China. Health care workers were stumped for a diagnosis. Serological tests, PCR analysis, and fluorescent antibody stains failed to reveal a cause. The health workers wondered, was this something new? The man in the case history had contracted severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). On which continent did SARS first develop? Which family of viruses does severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) belong to? Which of the following is used to treat SARS?
SARS first developed in Asia and then began to spread by air travel to other continents Coronaviridae there is no individual drug or treatment regimen for patients with SARS. Helping the patient breathe is the most important concern.
In the eighteenth century, a British officer, Colonel Henry Bouquet, appears to have distributed two -__________ infested blankets and a similarly infested handkerchief to Native Americans.
Smallpox
Which of the following are reasons why certain diseases must be reported to central health organizations, as well as to the CDC in the United States, or the WHO in Geneva, Switzerland?
certain diseases must be reported to the central health organizations due to their severity, transmissibility, and for tracking purposes. Tracking a global outbreak begins with physicians and clinical laboratories notifying local health agencies, the CDC, and the WHO of reportable diseases and diseases of unknown cause.
An investigator is collecting data identifying the time of year and locations of measles outbreaks within the United States over a ten-year period from 2000 to 2010. This investigator is most likely involved in
descriptive epidemiology.
An increase in disease incidence above endemic levels is called a(n)
outbreak
describes the total number of active cases of a disease in a given location, regardless of when the case first developed.
prevalence
Which of the following factors have simultaneously converged over recent decades to create the perfect incubator for new emerging and ancient reemerging infectious diseases?
the genetic adaptability of microbes, increased global travel and transportation, and climate change have all played a role in the emergence of new diseases. Humans are responsible for most of these factors. As a result, the struggle between humans and microbes has intensified.
In the case of an outbreak of a disease such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), why is it so important to identify the index patient instead of just treating the patients who have already become infected?
to isolate and treat other patients who might be carriers to track the spread of the disease to determine the exact location where the infection occurred
The term "quarantine" means which of the following?
to quarantine someone means to separate him/her from the general population. This is done to limit the spread of disease.
Fifteen individuals within one province in China are diagnosed with SARS. Epidemiologists will most likely
try to identify the index case.
Drag each group of traits to the element in the chain of infection that the traits belong to. virulence factor organism transmission susceptible
virulence factors and evasiveness are linked to the organism. Animal, human, and environment are linked to the reservoir. Person to person, inanimate object, air, and vector-borne are linked to transmission. The portal of entry and immunocompetence are linked to a susceptible host.
All of the following are considered obstacles to tracking emerging pathogens except
· Proper infrastructure to detect and report diseases as they are identified o Others limited access to modern clinical labs o Poor case reporting o Climate change
Which of the following statements is a description of the prevalence of chlamydia?
57 active cases of chlamydia on a campus. o LOOK AT prevalence
Live poultry markets in Asia serve as breeding grounds for avian influenza viruses, which can jump to humans and can now move across continents. Which technological advance has influenced the spread of infectious disease from one country to another?
air travel
Endemic vs. Epidemic
an endemic disease exhibits a steady (usually low) number of cases in a location. When the number of cases of a disease rises above the endemic level, we have an outbreak. Local outbreaks can develop into more serious epidemics when the case numbers rise rapidly and the affected geographical area widens.
Vaccination =
breaks reservoir
Handwashing =
breaks transmission
which of the following might be a reason why Yersinia pestis is considered bioterrorism agent?
It spreads easily from person to person
Patients, especially elderly, long-term care patients, are often moved between hospitals and nursing home facilities. Transferred patients take with them any bacteria they harbor, which may initiate an insidious series of linked infections specifically called which of the following?
Daisy-chain nosocomial infections
Google Trends is an online strategy that tracks disease incidence by tracking which of the following?
Google Trends tracks the number of searches for a particular disease, as it assumes that more people who are infected with the disease will "Google it."
Death by NegligenceStephanie was a bright 7-year-old girl who came to her rural Manitoba hospital for a tonsillectomy. She was a little scared, but her mother was with her and she liked the surgeon, Dr. Ryan, and his funny Winnie-the-Pooh ties. Sometimes she would even grab his tie while Dr. Ryan was examining her. However, she didn't much like the IV catheter Dr. Ryan had to insert in her arm. It hurt a little, but she was brave and didn't cry much. The surgery went well and Stephanie was recovering in her hospital room a few hours later. However, that night the nurse noted her temperature had risen to 102°F. By the next day, Stephanie's heart was racing and her breathing was labored. She was rushed to the pediatric intensive care unit and empiric antibiotic therapy was initiated. Despite this treatment, her blood pressure began to fall. Stephanie was diagnosed with postsurgical septic shock. To everyone's horror, Stephanie died two days later of MRSA sepsis. The organism recovered from her blood was a MRSA strain identical to one causing a wound infection in a 57-year-old man two floors down. Which of the following are methods used by clinicians to prevent nosocomial (hospital-acquired) infections?
Has any member of the hospital staff made contact with all the patients? Did all patients come in contact with the same medical instrument, the same lot of medical supplies (such as IV fluid, indwelling catheters, intubation tubes), or the same food or water? Were the affected patients in contact with each other at any time, enabling person-to-person transmission? Correct; frequent hand washing, sterile gloves, and aseptic technique are all important factors to limit the spread of disease in hospital settings.
Water is the most common source of nosocomial infections. Which of the following is a question to consider in regard to this source of infection?
Have hospital staff, sinks, surfaces, and carts been tested for presence of the organism?
Which of the following describe(s) a "select agent"?
Is highly contagious Has a high virulence or mortality rate
Proper handwashing would effectively break the link of which of the following chain of infection
Transmission
In 2006 there was an outbreak of E. coli O157:H7-contaminated spinach. Order the events that epidemiologists believe occurred to transmit this bacterial strain to humans. Start with how the pathogen was encountered and end with how it affected humans.
The spinach outbreak started when wild hogs traipsed through cow dung contaminated with O157:H7 and then raced through spinach fields, contaminating the leafy vegetable with the pathogen. Eating salads made with this spinach caused bloody diarrhea in several unfortunate people.
