Chapter 27: The Rise of Animal diversity

List some trades that all animals share

-Eukaryotic -All are multicellular so our plants -Ingestive heterotrophs -No cell walls -Predominately Diploid body form only Gametes are haploid -Motile and at least one life stage (example: barnacles our motel at adults and sessile at infancy) -Most have specialized nerve cells that allow rapid response -Most have specialized tissues (exception: Porifera)

Tiktaalik had a combination of fishlike and tetrapod-like characteristics. Which were the tetrapod-like characteristics?

-a neck -interlocking ribs -flat head with eyes on top

Which of the following characteristics distinguishes modern humans from other modern apes? 1. Humans walk upright. 2. Humans walk on two legs. 3. Humans use simple tools. 4. Humans are capable of symbolic thought.

1, 2, and 4 only

Arrange these groups in order from most inclusive (most general) to least inclusive (most specific). 1. lobe-fins 2. amphibians 3. gnathostomes 4. osteichthyans 5. tetrapods

3, 4, 1, 5, 2

Which of these are amniotes?

ALL mammals; even placental mammals and egg-laying mammals amphibians is NOT though because it still needs water.

Which of the following chordate groups include(s) humans? -Amniotes -Gnathostomes -Hominins

All

The members of which clade in the phylum Cnidaria exist only as polyps?

Anthozoa

A new species of aquatic chordate is discovered that closely resembles an ancient form. It has the following characteristics: external armor of bony plates, no paired lateral fins, and a suspension-feeding mode of nutrition. In addition to these, it will probably have which of the following characteristics? A) legs B) no jaws C) an amniotic egg D) endothermy

B) no jaws

A trend first observed in the evolution of the earliest tetrapods was: A) the appearance of jaws. B) the appearance of bony vertebrae. C) feet with digits. D) the mineralization of the endoskeleton. E) the amniotic egg.

C

Which of the following statements concerning animal taxonomy is (are) true? 1. Animals are more closely related to plants than to fungi. 2. All animal clades based on body plan have been found to be incorrect. 3. Kingdom Animalia is monophyletic. 4. Only animals reproduce by sexual means. 5. Animals are thought to have evolved from flagellated protists similar to modern choanoflagellates.

D) 3, 5 3. Kingdom Animalia is monophyletic. 5. Animals are thought to have evolved from flagellated protists similar to modern choanoflagellates.

Which statement is most consistent with the hypothesis that the Cambrian explosion was caused by the rise of predator-prey relationships?

E) increased incidence of hard parts in the fossil record

How old is earth been around? Hhow old his animals been around ? How old of Plants been around

Earth: 4.5-4.5 BYA Plants: 500 MYA Animals: 700 MYA Fungi: over 460 MYA

Animals are a monophyletic group that Came from an ancestral protist called the Metazoa

Eumztaeoa: only animals with True Tissues Choanoflagellates: protist group most CLOSELY RELATED to animals Bilateria: The majority of extant animals that have bilateral symmetry during some states of their life cycle they have three Germ tissue layers of digestive tract with separate mouth and anus

Which of the following statements describing hominin evolution is/are correct

Homo sapiens is the only surviving member of a highly branched evolutionary tree of hominin species.

Skeletal support

Hydrostatic skeleton in jellies and earthworms Exoskeletons and snails would have hard parts on the outside Endoskeleton which have hard parts on the inside (example humans and starfish)

Lancelets, Tunicates, Both, or Neither

Lancelets •all chordate characters present in adults •adults swim by the contraction of a series of muscles along the notochord •adults bury themselves into the sediment of the sea floor Tunicates •in adults, water enters through one siphon and leaves through another •most chordate characters not present in adults •larvae swim using the notochord, but adults may be sessile Both •adults feed with the aid of pharyngeal slits Neither •adults swim using the vertebral column (Tunicates and lancelets are two groups of chordates. Both possess the four derived characters of chordates during their development. However, whereas adult lancelets retain all four of these characters, adult tunicates retain only one (pharyngeal slits). -Lancelets swim by contracting a series of muscles located along the side of the notochord, which results in a motion similar to the swimming motion of fishes. -Larval tunicates are mobile, using their tail muscles and notochord to propel themselves through the water; adult tunicates are sessile or float with the current.Adult lancelets and tunicates use their pharyngeal slits to filter suspended food particles from the water.)

Which of these primate groups lives in trees in Central and South America and have nostrils that are wide open and far apart?

New World monkeys - You might recall that the Western Hemisphere is also referred to as the New World.)

Porifera

No symmetry, no tissues... (just a few cells that work closely together) They eat by FILTER FEEDING we're water enters through the pores and exit through a larger opening at the top EPIDERMAL CELLS: Tightly packed and protective CHOANOCYTES: Beating flagella; keep water flowing; their collars trap small suspended food particles AMOEBOCYTES: Mobile; digest and transport food (Through pseudopodia) SPICULES: Hard bits of extracellular that provide skeletal support

Digestive system

None, gastrovascular cavity, OR tube/tract/alimentary canal (separate mouth and anus where mouth at one end and anus at other end)

Part A - Derived characters of chordates Part complete All chordates share a set of derived characters during at least some part of their life. Drag the labels to their correct locations on the diagram of chordate characters below. Use blue labels for blue targets and pink labels for pink targets. (Or match the following) -notochord -pharyngeal cleft -pharyngeal slits dorsal -hollow nerve cord -muscular, post-anal tail -may develop into gill slits -may develop into the brain and spinal cord -may be associated with a jointed skeleton -may develop into parts of the ear -may be used to propel some species in water

Notochord - a flexible rod that runs along the anterior-posterior axis = may be associated with a jointed skeleton Pharyngeal clefts - grooves that separate pouches along the side of the pharynx = may develop into parts of the ear Pharyngeal slits - openings to the outside of the body along the side of the pharynx = may develop into gill slits Dorsal, hollow nerve cord - a bundle of nervous tissue running the length of the body = may develop into the brain and spinal cord Muscular post anal tail - a structure that contains muscles and extends past the anus = may be used to propel some species in water (All chordate embryos exhibit four derived characters: a notochord; a dorsal, hollow nerve cord; a muscular, post-anal tail; and pharyngeal slits or clefts. In many chordates, these characters develop into different structures or are reduced in form as the animal continues its development. For example, the pharyngeal slits develop into gill slits in aquatic vertebrates, and a jointed skeleton forms around a reduced notochord in most vertebrates.)

_____ are the oldest known primate group.

Prosimians -( Prosimian fossils date back to the end of the dinosaurs.)

Body symmetry

Radial symmetry is good if you're sessile because you can respond equally in all directions Bilateral symmetry is harder because you can only move in one directionAll radio bilateral an asymmetrical have a top and a bottom BUT only bilateral have anterior/ posterior and a left and right

Identify certain animal groups that have diverge from all other animals early in animal evolution

Sponges and Cnidarians

Sponges represent a Lenny is that the birds from all animals early in the history and they said to be basal animals

Sponges choanocytes consist of collars that engulf bacteria and other food particles by phagocytosis Their amoebocytes sites take up food from surrounding water and from choanocytes. They then DIGEST IT, and carry the nutrients to other cells

How did the great transition from fish to tetrapod occur?

The transition occurred gradually over time, so there are many intermediate forms -Most major evolutionary changes, like the evolution of birds from dinosaurs or tetrapods from fish, are products of many small evolutionary steps. Over millions of years, these steps leave behind a series of transitional fossils.

What is the significance of the Ediacaran Fauna

They dated back to 560 million years ago The EARLIEST animal fossils mostly groups that are currently extinct Not much bilateral symmetry Name for first place in the world these fossils were found which was the Ediacara hills of south Australia

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of all animals? They are all multicellular. They ingest their food. They are eukaryotes. They are heterotrophic. They have tissues, organs, and organ systems.

They have tissues, organs, and organ systems. -Sponges are considered animals, and they lack these levels of organization.

Why did Shubin and Daeschler search in the Canadian arctic for fossil evidence of the transition from fish to tetrapods?

They hypothesized that the transitional fossils were in sedimentary rocks older than 365 million years ago, when the first tetrapods appear in the fossil record.

What kind of habitat did tiktaalik live in?

Tiktaalik lived in a warm, freshwater swamp. -When tiktaalik lived and became fossilized, its location was closer to Earth's equator, where warm, freshwater habitats were abundant. Over time, continental drift moved the pieces of Earth's crust (and all the fossils in the rocks above them) to different locations.

Which of the following is a tetrapod?

a bird; an amphibian; a mammal; a reptile -Their limbs are built with the "one bone, two bones, many bones, digits"

One important evolutionary change that occurred with the rise of animals is

a change from a microbe-only environment to one of large producers, predators, and prey.

Why have we NOT found examples in the fossil record of every animal that ever lived on Earth? a. many fossils remain buried. We can only find them when they are exposed by erosion or excavation b. it is just a matter of time before we find them all; rocks contain the history of all life, if you know where to look c. to become a fossil, an animal must remain buried for thousands or millions of years until it turns to rock d. to become a fossil, an animal must be quickly and completely buried in ash or sediment before it has a chance to decompose

a, c, d

Whatever its ultimate cause(s), the Cambrian explosion is a prime example of

adaptive radiation (why?)

Which of the following groups contains members most closely associated with a wet or moist environment?

amphibians -typically have water-permeable skin that does not easily resist drying. Thus, amphibians tend to be found in moist environments

The diagnostic feature of Chondrichthyes is __________.

an endoskeleton of calcified cartilage -cartilaginous skeleton of sharks and their relatives is often reinforced with calcium

The decline of cyanobacteria in the early Cambrian oceans was most likely related to

an increase in filter feeding organisms.

Which of these primate groups is most closely related to humans?

apes -( Apes, such as chimpanzees, are the primates most closely related to humans.)

Which evidence supports the hypothesis that four-limbed animals came from fish?

b. fish and four-limbed animals have very similar embryos c. the fossil record shows more and more tetrapod-like fish before the appearance of tetrapods about 365 million years ago d. DNA analysis shows that fish are tetrapods' closest relatives e. both fish and four-limbed animals are vertebrates -Evidence from genetics, embryology, physiology, and the fossil record all support the hypothesis that tetrapods evolved from fish.

What is the probable sequence in which the following clades of animals originated, from earliest to most recent? 1. tetrapods 2. vertebrates 3. deuterostomes 4. amniotes 5. bilaterians

bilaterians, deuterostomes, vertebrates, tetrapods, amniotes

Which of the following are the only extant animals that descended directly from dinosaurs?

birds

Ceolom

body cavity Benefits: cushioning for organs, Allows organ to grow and move independently, Can contain fluid that acts as a hydrostatic skeleton (in which water pressure is in the body cavity to support) in soft bodies such as jellyfish

Jaws first occurred in which extant group of fishes?

chondrichthyans

Embryonic germ layers

ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm Major tissue types none two or three

Sponges are most accurately described as

filter feeders

Which of the following is a characteristic of cnidarians?

gastrovascular cavity -The gastrovascular cavity, characterized by a single opening, is the digestive compartment of cnidarians.

Evidence of which structure or characteristic would be most surprising to find among fossils of the Ediacaran fauna?

hard body parts

An important trend in animal evolution was cephalization or development of a "head." An animal is said to show cephalization when it __________.

has an aggregation of neurons at the head (anterior) end, which contributes to bilateral symmetry

Which of the following is the most inclusive term for an organism that obtains organic food material by eating other organisms or substances derived from them?

heterotrophUnlike autotrophs (which are also called producers), heterotrophs (which are also called consumers) cannot make their own food. Instead, heterotrophs obtain organic material by feeding on other organisms or their waste products or remains. Obvious examples of heterotrophs include an animal that eats plants or other animals, or a protist that eats other protists. But heterotrophic nutrition also occurs when an organism feeds upon (and breaks down the chemicals found in) organic litter such as carcasses, feces, and fallen leaves; such heterotrophic organisms are known as decomposers.

A new, sixth global mass-extinction event appears to be occurring on Earth today. The most likely explanation for the dramatic loss of species is

human activity that alters natural environments.

Which group's members have had BOTH lungs and gills during their adult lives?

lungfishes

There are three major groups of mammals, categorized on the basis of their __________.

method of reproduction -Monotremes are egg-laying mammals, marsupials are pouched mammals, and eutherians are placental mammals (humans).

Which of these anthropoid groups consists of primates who are mostly tree dwellers and whose forelimbs and hind limbs are about equal in length?

monkeys -In addition to these characteristics many monkeys have tails.

According to the evidence collected so far, the animal kingdom is

monophyletic

Which of the following is unique to animals?

nervous conduction and muscular movement

Internal fertilization, leathery amniotic eggs, and skin that resists drying are characteristics of which extant vertebrate group?

non bird reptiles

Which of the following are the most abundant and diverse of the extant vertebrates?

ray-finned fishes

In which vertebrates is fertilization exclusively internal?

reptiles and mammals

Which of the following are thought to be most closely related to humans?

sea stars -Humans and sea stars are deuterostomes.

Which of the following belong to the lobe-fin clade?

tetrapods

Which of the following clades contains the greatest number of animal species?

the bilaterians -cannot be insecta because that is a class

Which of the following was probably the LEAST important factor in bringing about the Cambrian explosion? -the accumulation of sufficient atmospheric oxygen to support the more active metabolism of mobile animals -the movement of animals onto land -the origin of Hox genes and other genetic changes affecting the regulation of developmental genes -the emergence of predator-prey relationships among animals

the movement of animals onto land -During Cambrian explosion, lots of animals in water too.

Which of these characteristics added most to vertebrate success in relatively dry environments?

the shelled, amniotic egg

What is a transitional fossil?

transitional fossils have features that are intermediate between ancestors and descendants

The most ancient branch point in animal phylogeny is that between having

true tissues or no tissues (because it best distinguishes sponges from everything else since they are the first found animal fossils)

Which of the following is NOT a diagnostic feature of the Chordata? -a hollow dorsal nerve cord pharyngeal -slits or clefts notochord a muscular, -post-anal tail -vertebrae

vertebrae -Lancelets and tunicates are two subgroups of chordates that lack vertebrae; hagfishes do as well.

In the phylogenetic tree shown, which of the following are shared ancestral characters for members of the turtle-leopard group?

vertebral column; four limbs A shared ancestral character is a character that is not unique to a particular group, having originated in an ancestor of that group. For members of the turtle-leopard group, the phylogeny shows that a vertebral column, hinged jaws, and four limbs are all shared ancestral characters, having originated before the turtle-leopard group diverged from other lineages shown in the tree. In contrast, a shared derived character is an evolutionary novelty that is unique to a particular group; in the phylogeny shown here, an amnion is a shared derived character for the turtle-leopard group.

Among the invertebrate phyla, phylum Arthropoda is unique in possessing members that have

wings.