Chapter 28

Main body cavities

1. Cranial cavity: brain 2. Spinal cavity: Spinal cord 3. Thoracic cavity: Heart lungs 4. Abdominal cavity: Stomach, intestines and liver 5. Pelvic cavity: bladder and reproductive organs

Which of the following substances is secreted by an endocrine gland? a. Wax b. Hormones c. Breast milk d. Saliva e. Tears

Hormones

Protects body from injury, dehydration, and some pathogens Controls its temperature Excretes certain wastes Receives some external stimuli

Integumentary System

Cells must communicate with their neighbors, and often with cells some distance away Gap junctions allow substances to pass quickly between adjoining cells Communication among more distant cells involves special molecular signals (hormones)

Intercellular Communication

Forming from two or more organs that interact physically and chemically to carry out a common task

Organ system

Organized animal tissues: structures with two or more tissues that carry out specific tasks

Organs

What are the two most important variables for cells to survive? a. Temperature and nutrient levels b. Temperature and pH c. Solute concentration and nutrient levels d. Temperature and solute concentration

Temperature and solute concentration

___ form a waterproof seal between cells a. Tight junctions b. Adhering junctions c. Gap junctions d. All of the above

Tight junctions

Maintains the volume and composition of internal environment Excretes excess fluid and blood-borne wastes

Urinary System

Death of melanocytes has turned skin white and produced white blotches on skin

Vitiligo

Vertebrates developed ______ to transport substances

a circulatory system

Cartilage is found A. in the nose B. at the ends of bones C. in the external ear D. between vertebrae E. all of these

all of these

Mechanism of cell suicide Molecular signals bind to receptors at the cell surface Binding activates enzymes that destroy structural proteins Selected cells die (Example: hand formation)

apoptosis

Secreted layer that attaches an epithelium to an underlying tissue layer, most often connective tissue The other surface is epithelium

basement membrane

Red blood cells transport oxygen White blood cells defend the body against pathogens Platelets function in clot formation Plasma is a fluid extracellular matrix consisting mostly of water, with dissolved proteins, nutrients, gases, and other substances

blood fluid -

Most body fluid resides in____

cells

Collagen fibers are characteristic of which tissue? A. muscle B. epithelial C. connective D.nervous E. embryonic

connective

Asymmetrically arranged fibers and fibroblasts Forms deep skin layers, capsules around organs Common Locations: In skin and in capsules around some organs Function: Structural support

dense, irregular connective tissue

Stem cells directly produce adult tissues by the process of A. mitosis. B. meiosis. C. differentiation. D. fertilization. E. all of these

differentiation

The tissue that lines internal surfaces of the body is A. epithelial. B. loose connective. C. supportive connective. D. fibrous. E. adipose.

epithelial.

Gland that secretes milk, sweat, saliva, or some other substance through a duct

exocrine gland

Of a multicelled organism, body fluid outside of cells Serves as the body's internal environment Provides cells with nutrients and removes wastes

extracellular fluid (ECF)

Bones are linked together at skeletal joints by A. tendons B. intercellular junctions C. ligaments D. cartilage E. collagen

ligaments

There are two types of soft connective tissues:

loose and dense, which have the same components but differ in the proportions

Skin darkens when exposed to sunlight because____ a. melanocytes b. keratinicytes c. neuroglial cells d. neurons

melanocytes

Fluid portion of blood

plasma

With negative feedback, a change induces a response that ___ that change a. increases b. reverses

reverses

In order for homeostasis to be maintained a(n) ________ must detect a specific stimulus. a. affector b. gland c. sensory affector d. effector e. sensory receptor

sensory receptor

Muscle that interacts with bone to move body parts; under voluntary control Long, multinucleated, cylindrical cells with conspicuous striping (striations) Interacts with bone to bring about movement, maintain posture Reflex activated, but also under voluntary control

skeletal muscle tissue

Muscle that is not straited and is involuntary is A. cardiac B. skeletal C. striated D. smooth E. both cardiac and smooth

smooth

Dense fibrous tissues that connect muscle to bone are called A. muscles B. cartilage C. ligaments D. tendons E. all of these

tendons

Many internal organs reside inside a body cavity derived from___

the coelom

The heart and lungs are in the ____ cavity a. thoracic b. pelvic c. cranial d. abdominal

thoracic

3 types of neurons

1. Sensory neurons are excited by specific stimuli, such as light or pressure 2. Interneurons receive and integrate sensory information Store information and coordinate responses to stimuli In vertebrates, interneurons occur mainly in the brain and spinal cord 3. Motor neurons relay commands from the brain and spinal cord to glands and muscle cells

Lines blood vessels, the heart, and air sacs of lungs Allows substances to cross by diffusion

1. Simple squamous epithelium:

3 types of Epithelium

1. Simple squamous epithelium: Lines blood vessels, the heart, and air sacs of lungs Allows substances to cross by diffusion 2. Simple cuboidal epithelium • Lines kidney tubules, ducts of some glands, reproductive tract • Functions in absorption and secretion, movement of materials 3. Simple columnar epithelium • Lines some airways, parts of the gut • Functions in absorption and secretion, protection • Allows substances to cross by diffusion

• Lines kidney tubules, ducts of some glands, reproductive tract • Functions in absorption and secretion, movement of materials

2. Simple cuboidal epithelium

• Lines some airways, parts of the gut • Functions in absorption and secretion, protection • Allows substances to cross by diffusion

3. Simple columnar epithelium

How many types of tissues organized as organs and organ systems do most animals have?

4

____ in the head holds the brain, and a spinal cavity in the back holds the spinal cord

A cranial cavity

____divides the human coelom into an upper thoracic cavity and a lower cavity that has abdominal and pelvic regions

A sheet of smooth muscle - diaphragm

There are four types of tissue in vertebrate bodies:

1. Epithelial tissue covers body surfaces and lines internal cavities such as the gut 2. Connective tissue holds body parts together and provides structural support 3. Muscle tissue moves the body or its parts 4. Nervous tissue detects stimuli and relays information

the eleven organ systems of the human body and their functions

1. Integumentary System 2. Muscular System 3. Skeletal System 4. Nervous System 5. Circulatory System 6. Endocrine System 7. Lymphatic System 8. Respiratory System 9. Digestive System 10. Urinary System 11. Reproductive System

Which of the following tissue types is used as the body's reserve of energy? a. Blood b. Adipose c. Dense irregular d. Cartilage e. Loose connective

Adipose

Your body converts excess carbohydrates and proteins to fats. _____ specializes in storing fats. a. Epithelial tissue b. Dense connective tissue c. Adipose tissue d. both b and c

Adipose tissue

Cartilage injuries do not repair themselves because ________. a. All of these choices are reasons cartilage injuries do not repair themselves. b. cartilage does not contain blood vessels c. cartilage does not divide in adults d. cartilage does not receive nutrients very easily e. None of these are reasons as cartilage does heal itself.

All of these choices are reasons cartilage injuries do not repair themselves.

Which of the following health problems might be cured with embryonic stem cell treatment? a. Parkinson's disease b. Heart disease c. Blindness d. Muscular dystrophy e. All of these choices.

All of these choices.

Multiple organ systems

An organism

Which of the following organs is not found in the abdominal cavity? a. Bladder b. Stomach c. Large intestine d. Liver

Bladder

Specialized connective tissues consists plasma and cellular components that form inside bones Location: Inside blood vessels Functions: Distributes essential gases, nutrients; removes waste

Blood

____ is mostly plasma a. Adipose tissue b. Blood c. Cartilage d. Bone

Blood

____ connect the cells of a tissue, hold cells in place, and allow them to cooperate in specific tasks

Cell junctions

Rapidly transports many materials to and from interstitial fluid and cells Helps stabilize internal pH and temperature

Circulatory System

Which type of epithelial cells act in absorption and secretion? a. Columnar and stratified squamous b. Columnar and cuboidal c. Stratified squamous and columnar d. Cuboidal and simple squamous e. Simple squamous and columnar

Columnar and cuboidal

Animal tissue contain cells scattered within an extracellular matrix of their own secretions Provides structural and functional support

Connective tissue

Vertebrate skin has many functions

Contains sensory receptors that monitor external conditions Serves as a barrier to keep out pathogens Helps control internal temperature Helps conserve water In humans, reaction in skin produce vitamin D

What type of response is most associated with the brain sensing a cold environment? a. Sweat glands increase their output. b. Decrease in blood flow to the skin. c. Heart rate decreasing. d. Increase in blood flow to the skin. e. Increased respiration.

Decrease in blood flow to the skin.

Deep layer of skin that consists of connective tissue with nerves and blood vessels running through it consists primarily of dense connective tissue with fibers of elastin and collagen Dermis contains blood vessels, lymph vessels, and sensory receptors Epithelial tissues embedded in the dermis form sweat glands and hair follicles Each hair follicle is associated with and oil gland, and a smooth muscle attaches to each hair

Dermis

Which of the following is not a body cavity? a. Pelvic b. Thoracic c. Spinal d. Abdominal e. Diaphragm

Diaphragm

How do epithelial cells obtain their nutrients? a. Direct blood supply from an artery. b. Diffusion from adjacent cells. c. Direct blood supply from a vein. d. Nutrients are delivered by macrophages. e. Osmosis of nutrients from underlying tissue.

Diffusion from adjacent cells

Ingests food and water Mechanically, chemically breaks down food and absorbs small molecules into internal environment Eliminates food residues

Digestive System

Hormonally controls body functioning With nervous system, integrates short- and long-term activities (Male testes added)

Endocrine System

Which layer of the skin is composed of stratified squamous epithelium cells? a. Dermis b. All of these choices have stratified squamous epithelium. c. None of these choices have stratified squamous epithelium. d. Epidermis e. Hypodermis

Epidermis

____ tissues are sheetlike with one free surface. a. Epithelial b. Connective c. Nervous d. Muscle

Epithelial

________ are the main cell type within connective tissue in all but one situation. a. Fibroblasts b. Cuboidal cells c. Macrophages d. Collagen fibers e. Squamous cells

Fibroblasts

A signaling molecule reversibly binds to a receptor, which is often a membrane protein The signal is converted (transduced) to a form that acts inside the signal-receiving cell The cell responds to the signal

Intracellular Signaling

Collects and returns some tissue fluid to the bloodstream Defends the body against infection and tissue damage

Lymphatic System

Which epidermal cell produces the pigments that lead to the coloration of the skin? a. Elastin fibers b. Melanocytes c. Collagen fibers d. Keratinocytes e. Stratified squamous epithelium

Melanocytes

Which tissue type will move the body? a. Epithelial b. All of these choices. c. Connective d. Muscle

Muscle

contract - shorten - when stimulated - they help move the body and its component parts

Muscle tissues 3 types of muscle tissue: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle tissues

Moves body and its internal parts Maintains posture Generates heat by increases in metabolic activity

Muscular System

Which types of cells in the human body do not repair themselves if they have been damaged? a. Skin b. Blood c. Bone d. Nerve e. Hair

Nerve

Detects external and internal stimuli Controls and coordinates the responses to stimuli Integrates all organ system activities

Nervous System

___ detects and integrates information about changes and controls responses to those changes a. Epithelial tissue b. Connective tissue c. Muscle tissue d. Nervous tissue

Nervous tissue

Which type of cell provides metabolic support to the neurons? a. Dense connective b. Loose connective c. Muscle d. Neuroglia e. Squamous

Neuroglia

Female: Produces eggs; provides protected, nutritive environment for development of offspring Male: Produces and transfers sperm to female Hormones of both systems also influence other organ systems

Reproductive System

Rapidly delivers oxygen to the tissue fluid that bathes all living cells Removes carbon dioxide wastes of cells Helps regulate pH

Respiratory System

What is the correct pathway for a neural impulse? a. Sensory - interneuron - motor b. Interneuron - motor - sensory c. Motor - sensory - interneuron d. Motor - sensory - interneuron e. Sensory - motor - interneuron

Sensory - interneuron - motor

Which muscle tissue type will move and maintain balance within the body? a. Smooth b. Cardiac c. Skeletal d. Skeletal and cardiac e. Smooth and cardiac

Skeletal

____ muscle tissue has a striated appearance and is under voluntary control. a. Skeletal b. Smooth c. Cardiac d. Nervous

Skeletal

Supports and protects body parts Provides muscle attachment sites Produces red blood cells Stores calcium, phosphorus

Skeletal System

Cell that can divide to produce more similar cells or differentiate into specialized cell types Embryonic ___ can produce any cell type in the body After birth, ___ are less versatile; they produce fewer cell types

Stem cell

Negative feedback and body temperature

Stimulus - Sensory receptors - Brain - Muscles and glands - response

is an example of an organ system It has epithelial layers, connective tissue, adipose tissue, glands, blood vessels, and sensory receptors It protects a body from injury and infection, detects external stimuli, and helps conserve water and control temperature

The Skin

An epithelial cell cancer is called

a carcinoma About 95% of skin cancers are carcinomas Breast cancers are usually carcinomas of epithelial cells that line milk ducts, or of breast glandular epithelium Most lung cancers arise in the lung's epithelial lining

Connective tissue specializing in fat storage Small blood vessels carry fats to and from cells the body's main energy reservoir, cushions and protects body parts, and a layer under the skin insulates the body to keep internal temperature within an optimal range Common Locations: Under skin, around the heart and the kidneys Functions: Energy storage, insulation, padding

adipose tissue

Exocrine glands secrete A. enzymes B. sweat C. milk D. saliva E. all of these

all of these

Living cells surrounded by a mineral-hardened matrix of their own calcium-hardened secretions the main tissue of bones, which support and protect the body, and allow movement Blood cells form in the spongy interior of some bones Location: All bony vertebrate skeletons Functions: Movement, support, protection

bone tissue

Integration of body functions is controlled by the A. respiratory system B. nervous system C. endocrine system D. defense system E. both nervouse and endocrine system

both nervous and endocrine system

If its cells are straited and fused at the ends so that the cells contract as a unit, the tissue is A. smooth B. dense fibrous connective C. supportive D. cardiac E. none of these

cardiac

Muscle of the heart wall Striated cells attached end to end, each with a single nucleus Found only in the heart wall Contraction is not under voluntary control

cardiac muscle tissue

Cells surrounded by a rubbery matrix of collagen fibers and rubbery, compression-resistant glycoproteins Blood vessels do not extend through cartilage found in shark skeletons, human embryos (forms a model for the developing skeleton) , and in adults (in joints, between vertebrae, and in support structures Common Locations: Nose, ends of long bones, airways, vertebrate embryo Functions Support, protection, low-friction joint surfaces

cartilage

Some epithelial cells have projections ____ and ____ at their free surface

cilia or microvilli

Fibroblasts are characteristic of what tissue type? A. connective tissue B. epithelium C. muscle D. nervous E. all of the above

connective

What type of tissue is blood? A. epithelial B. muscular C. connective D. adipose E. noncellular fluid

connective

An extracellular matrix is characteristic of A. muscle tissue B. epithelial tissue C. connective tissue D. nervouse tissue E. embryonic tissue

connective tissue

Most ___ have many collagen and elastin fibers a. epithelial tissues b. connective tissues c. muscle tissues d. nervous tissues

connective tissues

Epithelial cells are specialized for all the following functions EXCEPT A. secretion. B. protection. C. diffusion. D. contraction. E. absorption.

contraction

Fibroblasts in rows between parallel fibers Tendons and ligaments Common Locations: Tendons, ligaments Functions: Strength, elasticity

dense, regular connective tissue

Gases enter or leave an animal's body by _____

diffusing across a moist surface

A neuron transmits ___ along its ____, and communicates with other cells through ___

electrical signals, plasma membrane, chemical messages

Ductless gland that secretes hormones into a body fluid

endocrine gland

Outermost tissue layer In animals, the epithelial layer of skin a stratified squamous epithelium with an adhering junctions and no extracellular matrix Human epidermis consists mainly of cells that make the waterproof protein keratin (keratinocytes) Dead cells at the surface help prevent water loss Melanocytes make pigments (melanins) that color skin

epidermis

Glands are derived from ___ tissue a. epithelial b. connective c. muscle d. nervous

epithelial

Hair and nails are keratin-rich structures formed by ____ tissue a. muscle b. nervous c. epithelial d. connective

epithelial

The secretion of tears, milk, sweat, and saliva are functions of what tissue? A. epithelial B. loose connective C. lymphoid D. nervous E. adipose

epithelial

Sheetlike animal tissue that covers outer body surfaces and lines internal tubes and cavities Most body parts you can see (skin, hair, nails) also lines internal tubes and cavities, such as blood vessels and gut tight junctions, which prevent fluids from seeping between cells

epithelial tissue

Adipose tissue cells are filled with A. minerals B. fat C. cartilage D. fibers E. muscle

fat

The endocrine system functions in A. conduction B. contraction C. hormonal control of body functioning D. protection against disease E. cell production

hormonal control of body functioning

Of a multicelled organism, body fluid in spaces between cells

interstitial fluid

Relatively few fibroblasts and fibers in its matrix Holds organs and epithelia in place the most common type in the vertebrate body Common locations: Beneath skin and most epithelia Function: elasticity, diffusion

loose connective tissue

Thin projections from the plasma membrane Increase the surface area of some epithelial cells lining kidneys and small intestine increase absorption

microvilli

Cells of ____ can shorten (contract) a. epithelial tissue b. connective tissue c. muscle tissue d. nervous tissue

muscle tissue

A change causes a response that reverses the change Important mechanism of homeostasis

negative feedback

consists of specialized signaling cells - neurons and the cells that support them - neuroglia Animal tissue composed of neurons and supporting cells Detects stimuli and controls responses to them

nervous tissue

One of the cells that make up communication lines of nervous systems a cell body with a nucleus and other organelles Projecting from the cell body are long cytoplasmic extensions that allow the cell to receive and send electrochemical signals Neuroglial cells wrap around the signal-sending cytoplasmic extensions of most motor neurons - they act as insulation and speed the rate at which signals travel

neuron

Rapid communication throughout the body is accomplished through A. neurons B. blood C. hormones D. muscles E. neuroglia

neurons

Cell or cell component that detects a specific stimulus Homeostasis requires ____ that detect changes, an integrating center (the brain), and effectors (muscles and glands) that bring about responses

sensory receptors

The diameter of a blood vessel will be reduced by the contraction of ________. a. skeletal muscle b. skeletal and cardiac muscles c. smooth and cardiac muscles d. cardiac muscle e. smooth muscle

smooth muscle

Muscle that lines blood vessels and forms the wall of hollow organs Cells with a single nucleus, tapered ends, and no striations Found in walls of some blood vessels, digestive tract, reproductive tract, bladder, and other hollow organs Contraction is not under voluntary control

smooth muscle tissue

Cartilage, bone tissue, adipose tissue, and blood are classified as ___

specialized connective tissues

Maintaining the volume and composition of body fluids is the direct responsibility of which system? A. integumentary B. immune C. digestive D. urinary E. circulatory

urinary