Chapter 29 Homework

Approximately how long ago did green algae and the land plants share a common ancestor?

1 billion years ago

Land plants minimize the effects of mutation by UV radiation by carrying ___________ of every gene.

2 copies

functions of roots?

Anchor plant, transport water/nutrients into plant, allow plants to grow larger.

Conspicuous, photosynthetic gametophytes, and the lack of tracheids, are features of ___________.

Bryophytes

Mosses, liverworts, and hornworts are a part of what land plant grouping?

Bryophytes

____________ cannot grow tall because they lack vascular tissues to transport food and water.

Bryophytes

Green algae split into two major groups: ___________ (which never made it to land), and ____________ (Which are a sister clade to all land plants).

Chlorophytes, Charophytes

__________ are seedless vascular plants with hollow jointed stems with brush-like leaves.

Horsetails

How are land plants different from charophytes? *Think about differences in life cycle/reproduction.

Land plants= multicellular haploid & diploid stages, as well as the possibility for diploid embryos.

The land plant life cycle is Haplodiplontic. What is Haplodiplontic?

Life cycle strategy in which both haploid and diploid stages are multicellular.

Humans and other animals have a Diplontic life cycle. What is Diplontic?

Life cycle strategy in which only the diploid stage is multicellular.

What Bryophyte clade has plants with unicellular rhizoids, pores that are fixed open for gas exchange, and has their sporophytes suspended above ground by the gametophyte? *** These are usually leafy or lobed, with lobed leaves forming gametangia.

Liverworts

all features of fern sporophytes?

Photosynthetic, Vascular, Multicellular

components of fern sporophytes?

Rhizomes, Fronds (leaves), Fiddleheads (rolled up coils of fronds)

Which of these are not carried in vascular tissue? sucrose minerals hormones ribosomes water

Ribosomes

What is a rhizoid?

Root-like structures found in certain plants & fungi that aid in the uptake of water.

What are characteristics of hornworts? *** this is a bryophyte.

Single large chloroplast (like green algae), gametophytes and sporophytes are photosynthetic, sporophytes have stomata, have a symbiotic relationship with cyanobacteria to recieve nitrogen.

Gas diffusion into and out of plants occurs on leaves and stems through ______________, which also allow water to diffuse out as well.

Stomata

Together Charophytes and all land plants are referred to as ___________. (remember: charophytes are a sister clade to land plants)

Streptophytes/streptophyta

This waxy surface material is secreted onto parts of plants exposed to air and is relatively impermeable, preventing water loss.

The Cuticle

Which of the following are characteristics of all (with a few exceptions, such as parasitic plants) land plants?

The ability to photosynthesize, Diploid embryos, Multicellular haploid and diploid generations

Lycophytes, Ferns + Allies, Gymnosperms, and Angiosperms are apart of what land plant group?

Tracheophytes

___________ are more advanced and have vascular tissues for long distance transport of water and nutrients.

Tracheophytes

roots evolved at least two separate times. True/False?

True

stems evolved before roots. True/False?

True

The sporophyte of what plant group consists of evenly forking photosynthetic stems that lack roots and leaves?

Whisk ferns

The vascular plant tissue that carries water is __________, and the vascular tissue that carries food is called __________.

Xylem, phloem

What are male, sperm producing gametangia called?

antheridium

What are multi-cellular, female, egg-producing gametangia called? ***Usually found in bryophytes and some land plants.

archegonia

The closest living descendants of the first land plants are the non-tracheophytes, called the __________.

bryophytes

There is an evolutionary shift in land plants towards a dominant ___________ (haploid/diploid) generation.

diploid

After gamete fusion, a diploid zygote grows into a _________ _________ by mitosis.

diploid sporophyte

common feature of whisk ferns and horsetails is that they both have sperm with ________, requiring free water for __________.

flagella, fertilization

Features common to whisk ferns, horsetails, and ferns.

form antheridia and archegonia, require free water for fertilization

Spore mother cells (sporophytes), produce how many haploid spores?

four

All land plants alternate between haploid __________ and diploid ____________ generations.

gametophyte, sporophyte

multicellular haploid gametophytes produce ___________ gametes through mitosis. When two gametes fuse, the zygote they form is ________.

haploid, diploid

In land plants, meiosis produces a _________ spore that divides by __________ to produce a haploid gametophyte.

haploid, mitosis

____________ are the sister clade to traecophytes.

hornworts

Ancestors of pterophytes gave rise to two clades: one with ferns and __________ & another with ferns and ____________.

horsetails, whisk ferns

Which are true statements about whisk fern sporophytes. They lack true leaves. They are photosynthetic (green). They are tiny. They lack stems.

lack true leaves, are photosynthetic

In what ways are do moss leaflike structures differ from true leaves.

lack veins, lack stomata, Most of surface is one cell layer thick

Salt water algae evolved into fresh water algae which gave rise to ____________ ______________.

land plants

In mosses and ferns, the haploid (gametophyte) generation occupies a _____________ portion of the life cycle than it does in seed plants. *** Think: Which has a more dominant gametophyte generation?

larger

Leaves evolved more than once and be classified as ________ which non-webbed & single vein structure, and true leaves called _________ which have branched vascular veins.

lycophyll, euphyll

lycophytes have ___________ leaves, and ferns and seed plants have ________ leaves.

lycophyll, euphyll

Name the three clades of vascular land plants today. *** traechophytes= vascular land plants

lycophytes (club mosses), pterophytes (Ferns + relatives), Seed plants

Sporophytes undergo _________ in structures called Sporangia.

meiosis

adaptive features of seeds?

nourish the embryo, protect the embryo

Liverworts reproduce through ___________ and _________ means.

sexual, asexual

The cone-like structure on a horsetail stem produces haploid ________.

spores

Clusters of sporangia on ferns are called __________.

spori/sorus

An important difference that distinguished the leaflike structures of moss gametophytes from true leaves is what?

the lack of vascular tissue.

The adaptation of plants to a terrestrial environment required more _________. (3 main Things)

water loss management, protection from solar radiation, & effective gamete dissemination for reproduction.