Chapter 29 Homework
Approximately how long ago did green algae and the land plants share a common ancestor?
1 billion years ago
Land plants minimize the effects of mutation by UV radiation by carrying ___________ of every gene.
2 copies
functions of roots?
Anchor plant, transport water/nutrients into plant, allow plants to grow larger.
Conspicuous, photosynthetic gametophytes, and the lack of tracheids, are features of ___________.
Bryophytes
Mosses, liverworts, and hornworts are a part of what land plant grouping?
Bryophytes
____________ cannot grow tall because they lack vascular tissues to transport food and water.
Bryophytes
Green algae split into two major groups: ___________ (which never made it to land), and ____________ (Which are a sister clade to all land plants).
Chlorophytes, Charophytes
__________ are seedless vascular plants with hollow jointed stems with brush-like leaves.
Horsetails
How are land plants different from charophytes? *Think about differences in life cycle/reproduction.
Land plants= multicellular haploid & diploid stages, as well as the possibility for diploid embryos.
The land plant life cycle is Haplodiplontic. What is Haplodiplontic?
Life cycle strategy in which both haploid and diploid stages are multicellular.
Humans and other animals have a Diplontic life cycle. What is Diplontic?
Life cycle strategy in which only the diploid stage is multicellular.
What Bryophyte clade has plants with unicellular rhizoids, pores that are fixed open for gas exchange, and has their sporophytes suspended above ground by the gametophyte? *** These are usually leafy or lobed, with lobed leaves forming gametangia.
Liverworts
all features of fern sporophytes?
Photosynthetic, Vascular, Multicellular
components of fern sporophytes?
Rhizomes, Fronds (leaves), Fiddleheads (rolled up coils of fronds)
Which of these are not carried in vascular tissue? sucrose minerals hormones ribosomes water
Ribosomes
What is a rhizoid?
Root-like structures found in certain plants & fungi that aid in the uptake of water.
What are characteristics of hornworts? *** this is a bryophyte.
Single large chloroplast (like green algae), gametophytes and sporophytes are photosynthetic, sporophytes have stomata, have a symbiotic relationship with cyanobacteria to recieve nitrogen.
Gas diffusion into and out of plants occurs on leaves and stems through ______________, which also allow water to diffuse out as well.
Stomata
Together Charophytes and all land plants are referred to as ___________. (remember: charophytes are a sister clade to land plants)
Streptophytes/streptophyta
This waxy surface material is secreted onto parts of plants exposed to air and is relatively impermeable, preventing water loss.
The Cuticle
Which of the following are characteristics of all (with a few exceptions, such as parasitic plants) land plants?
The ability to photosynthesize, Diploid embryos, Multicellular haploid and diploid generations
Lycophytes, Ferns + Allies, Gymnosperms, and Angiosperms are apart of what land plant group?
Tracheophytes
___________ are more advanced and have vascular tissues for long distance transport of water and nutrients.
Tracheophytes
roots evolved at least two separate times. True/False?
True
stems evolved before roots. True/False?
True
The sporophyte of what plant group consists of evenly forking photosynthetic stems that lack roots and leaves?
Whisk ferns
The vascular plant tissue that carries water is __________, and the vascular tissue that carries food is called __________.
Xylem, phloem
What are male, sperm producing gametangia called?
antheridium
What are multi-cellular, female, egg-producing gametangia called? ***Usually found in bryophytes and some land plants.
archegonia
The closest living descendants of the first land plants are the non-tracheophytes, called the __________.
bryophytes
There is an evolutionary shift in land plants towards a dominant ___________ (haploid/diploid) generation.
diploid
After gamete fusion, a diploid zygote grows into a _________ _________ by mitosis.
diploid sporophyte
common feature of whisk ferns and horsetails is that they both have sperm with ________, requiring free water for __________.
flagella, fertilization
Features common to whisk ferns, horsetails, and ferns.
form antheridia and archegonia, require free water for fertilization
Spore mother cells (sporophytes), produce how many haploid spores?
four
All land plants alternate between haploid __________ and diploid ____________ generations.
gametophyte, sporophyte
multicellular haploid gametophytes produce ___________ gametes through mitosis. When two gametes fuse, the zygote they form is ________.
haploid, diploid
In land plants, meiosis produces a _________ spore that divides by __________ to produce a haploid gametophyte.
haploid, mitosis
____________ are the sister clade to traecophytes.
hornworts
Ancestors of pterophytes gave rise to two clades: one with ferns and __________ & another with ferns and ____________.
horsetails, whisk ferns
Which are true statements about whisk fern sporophytes. They lack true leaves. They are photosynthetic (green). They are tiny. They lack stems.
lack true leaves, are photosynthetic
In what ways are do moss leaflike structures differ from true leaves.
lack veins, lack stomata, Most of surface is one cell layer thick
Salt water algae evolved into fresh water algae which gave rise to ____________ ______________.
land plants
In mosses and ferns, the haploid (gametophyte) generation occupies a _____________ portion of the life cycle than it does in seed plants. *** Think: Which has a more dominant gametophyte generation?
larger
Leaves evolved more than once and be classified as ________ which non-webbed & single vein structure, and true leaves called _________ which have branched vascular veins.
lycophyll, euphyll
lycophytes have ___________ leaves, and ferns and seed plants have ________ leaves.
lycophyll, euphyll
Name the three clades of vascular land plants today. *** traechophytes= vascular land plants
lycophytes (club mosses), pterophytes (Ferns + relatives), Seed plants
Sporophytes undergo _________ in structures called Sporangia.
meiosis
adaptive features of seeds?
nourish the embryo, protect the embryo
Liverworts reproduce through ___________ and _________ means.
sexual, asexual
The cone-like structure on a horsetail stem produces haploid ________.
spores
Clusters of sporangia on ferns are called __________.
spori/sorus
An important difference that distinguished the leaflike structures of moss gametophytes from true leaves is what?
the lack of vascular tissue.
The adaptation of plants to a terrestrial environment required more _________. (3 main Things)
water loss management, protection from solar radiation, & effective gamete dissemination for reproduction.