chapter 3

Hormones

-Chemical messengers -Secreted and released directly into blood by glands -Stimulate organs to take action

Pancreas

-Manufactures enzymes to digest all energy-yielding nutrients -Releases bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid that enters small intestine

large intestine (colon)

-Reabsorbs water and minerals -Passes waste (fiber, microorganisms, any unabsorbed nutrients) and some water to rectum

Small intestine

-Secretes enzymes that digest carbohydrate, fat, and protein -Cells lining intestine absorb most nutrients into blood and lymph

Within about 24 to 48 hours of eating, a healthy body digests and absorbs about ________ percent of the energy nutrients in a meal.

90

Microbes

Bacteria, viruses, fungi, or other organisms invisible to the naked eye, some of which cause diseases. Also called microorganisms

Hiccups

Breakdown of fiber by bacteria produces gas

________ allow materials to be exchanged between the blood and tissues, ________ carry blood towards the heart, and ________ carry blood away from the heart.

Capillaries; veins; arteries

pyloric valve

Chyme travels through

Bile duct

Conducts bile to small intestine

Pancreatic duct

Conducts pancreatic juice into small intestine

Which of the following increases the production of intestinal gas? A.chewing gum B.drinking carbonated beverages C.eating or drinking hastily D.all of the above

D.all of the above

What is the role of blood and lymph?

Deliver needed materials to all the body's cells and carry waste materials away.

What may help alleviate the symptoms of Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)?

Exercise, antibiotics, and antispasmodic drugs

Absorption of the majority of nutrients takes place across the mucus-coated lining of the stomach.

False, Absorption of the majority of nutrients takes place across the specialized cells of the small intestine.

Each gene is a blueprint that directs the production of one or more of the body's organs.

False, Each gene is a blueprint that directs the production of one or more of the body's proteins, such as an enzyme.

Kidneys

Filter wastes from blood, and form urine and deliver it to the bladder for excretion

Liver

Filters toxins from blood; stores, transforms, and mobilizes nutrients

Villi

Fingerlike projections of the sheets of cells lining the intestinal tract. Villi make the surface area much greater than it would otherwise be

Lymph

Fluid that moves from the bloodstream into tissue spaces and then travels in its own vessels, which eventually drain back into the bloodstream

________direct the making of each cell's protein machinery, including enzymes.

Genes

Liver

Manufactures bile, a detergent-like substance that facilitates digestion of fats

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (G E R D)

Masks the symptoms of ulcer and hernia

Where does the body store limited amounts of carbohydrate as glycogen?

Muscle and liver cells

Lungs

Oxygenate blood, remove carbon dioxide from blood, and return blood to heart

Which statement best defines peristalsis?

Peristalsis moves the digestive tract contents through the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine.

Heart

Right side pumps blood to lungs, and left side pumps oxygenated blood to body

Which digestive organs release digestive juices that perform the complex chemical process of digestion?

Salivary glands, Stomach, Pancreas

Gallbladder

Stores bile until needed

Microvilli

Tiny, hairlike projections on each cell of every villus that greatly expand the surface area available to trap nutrient particles and absorb them into the cells

The nervous system sends messages to the glands, telling them what to do.

True

Heartburn

Use of antacids and acid reducers

Peristalsis

Wavelike muscular squeezing of the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine that pushes their contents along

Your friend Annette complains of chronic heartburn. Which suggestion might be helpful to her?

Wear reasonably loose clothing and relax after eating.

Lymphocytes

White blood cells that participate in the immune response

Which outcome will NOT be a result of the stress response? a. Pupils narrow. b. Muscles tense. c. Glucose is readily available. d. Blood pressure rises. e. Breathing quickens.

a. Pupils narrow.

Your friend Cindy complains to you that she has been constipated lately. Which suggestion would be LEAST beneficial for her long-term health? a. Take a laxative. b. Take time to defecate even when you are busy. c. Exercise regularly. d. Eat foods that provide adequate fiber. e. Drink plenty of fluids.

a. Take a laxative.

Which of the following is NOT associated with moderate drinking? a. Using alcohol when facing problems or decisions b. Eating food while drinking or beforehand c. Remaining peaceful, calm, and unchanged by drinking d. Drinking slowly and casually

a. Using alcohol when facing problems or decisions

The smallest units in which independent life can exist are ___________. a. cells b. genes c. mitochondria d. tissues e. organs

a. cells

Concerning ulcers, which of the following statements is not correct: a.They usually occur in the large intestine. b.Some are caused by a bacterium. c.If not treated correctly, they can lead to stomach cancer. d.Their symptoms can be masked by using antacids regularly.

a.They usually occur in the large intestine.

Hormones

are chemical messengers that travel from one system of cells to affect another.

Cells

are self-contained, living units.

Which statement about the digestive system is true? a. A healthy digestive system should be free of all bacteria. b. The digestive system feeds the rest of the body and is itself sensitive to malnutrition. c. The digestive system frequently struggles to break down large nutrients to their smaller building blocks. d. In order to have a healthy digestive system, it is essential that a very specific diet be followed

b. The digestive system feeds the rest of the body and is itself sensitive to malnutrition.

Which organ releases insulin when it detects a high concentration of the blood's sugar, glucose? a. liver b. hypothalamus c. pancreas d. gallbladder e. kidneys

c. pancreas

Which statement most accurately reflects the professional perspective on the benefits of drinking wine? a. There are proven long-term benefits associated with heart health. b. Wine consumption is associated with reduced mortality in all age groups. c. Wine is the best source of phytochemicals. d. Far greater benefits come from engaging in regular physical activity and maintaining a healthy body weight.

d. Far greater benefits come from engaging in regular physical activity and maintaining a healthy body weight.

Which statement about fat is true? a. It is regulated by nephrons. b. It should be consumed at intervals throughout the day because it is not easily stored. c. It is a form of carbohydrate. d. It is not a required part of every meal since it is stored abundantly.

d. It is not a required part of every meal since it is stored abundantly.

The nervous system and hormonal system do all of the following EXCEPT: a. respond to the need for food. b. regulate body processes. c. govern the act of eating and regulate digestion. d. permit transfer of materials between blood and tissues.

d. permit transfer of materials between blood and tissues.

Alcohol is a natural substance and therefore does no real damage to body tissues.

false, Alcohol is a natural toxin that can cause severe damage to the liver, brain, and other organs, and can be lethal in high enough doses.

The bladder straddles the cardiovascular system and filters the blood.

false, The kidneys straddle the cardiovascular system and filter the blood.

The body's stores of _______ can sustain cellular activities when the intervals between meals become long.

fat

Which of the following passes through the large intestine mostly unabsorbed?

fiber

Blood carries nutrients absorbed from food

from the intestine to the liver

Body tissues store excess energy in two forms. Which of the following is one of these forms of excess energy storage?

glycogen

To signal hunger, the physiological need for food, the digestive tract sends messages to the ________ by way of hormones and nerves.

hypothalamus

Pancreas

insulin and glucagon

The _________ adjust the blood's composition in response to the body's needs, disposing of everyday wastes and helping remove toxins

kidneys

What organs are responsible for excreting wastes generated by the cells of the body?

kidneys, liver, lungs, and bladder

All blood leaving the digestive system is routed directly to the ________.

liver

The kidneys' working units are .

nephrons

Bicarbonate is responsible for ________.

neutralizing the stomach acid that has reached the small intestine

After circulating around the cells of the tissues, all extracellular fluid then

returns to the bloodstream.

Chemical digestion of all nutrients mainly occurs in which organ?

small intestine

Where does most of the body's nutrient absorption take place?

small intestine

Five basic chemical tastes

sweet, sour, bitter, salty, umami

What is the primary function of the pyloric valve?

to control the flow of chyme into the small intestine

The body's adipose tissue has a virtually infinite capacity to store fats.

true

The small intestine is lined with thousands of folds covered with_________ , which make the surface area for absorbing nutrients much greater.

villi