Chapter 3

The sun is the ultimate source of energy for terrestrial ecosystems. Approximately how much of the potential energy available from the Sun's rays hitting the Earth is used in photosynthesis? 1% 10% 25% 50% 90%

1%

A forest has a GPP of 3.8 kg C/m2/year and the rate of cellular respiration is 2.4 kg C/m2/year. What is the NPP? 6.2 kg C/m2/year 1.4 kg C/m2/year 1.0 kg C/m2/year 9.12 kg C/m2/year 1.58 kg C/m2/year

1.4 kg C/m2/year

A wetland ecosystem has an NPP of 1.02 kg C/m2/year and a GPP of 2.80 kg C/m2/year. How much carbon is being used during respiration of autotrophs? 3.82 kg C/m2/year 1.76 kg C/m2/year 1.78 kg C/m2/year 2.86 kg C/m2/year 2.75 kg C/m2/year

1.78 kg C/m2/year

Which of the following is the approximate efficiency of the energy transfer as energy flows through the food chain? 1% 10% 25% 50% 90%

10%

Use Figure 3-2. How productive are tropical seasonal forests as compared to lakes and streams? 100% as productive 50% as productive 200% as productive 300% as productive 30% as productive

300% as productive

The aesthetic beauty of a forest is an example of resilience. a regulating service. A cultural service. a provision. a support system.

A cultural service.

Which of the following best describes an ecosystem? Populations interacting All biotic factors interacting Inter-species relationships Intra-species relationships All biotic and abiotic factors

All biotic and abiotic factors

Which of the following has the biggest impact on the resilience of an ecosystem? Amount of time the disturbance lasts Amount of time the ecosystem has been established Amount of predators present in the ecosystem Amount of human intervention that is allowed Amount of genetic biodiversity of the ecosystem

Amount of genetic biodiversity of the ecosystem

What is a watershed? Network of streams leading to a larger river Network of rivers and bays that lead to the ocean Reservoir of water stored underground Area of land that drains to a water body Extensive wetland system leading to a bay

Area of land that drains to a water body

In which step of the nitrogen cycle do plants absorb nitrogen compounds? Nitrification Denitrification Assimilation Ammonification Nitrogen fixation

Assimilation

What happens during nitrogen fixation? Bacteria in the soil convert nitrate into nitrogen gas and nitrous oxide. Nitrogen wastes are converted by bacteria into ammonium. Organisms convert nitrogen into carbon dioxide and energy, Atmospheric nitrogen diffuses into the soil and is converted into ammonia. Nitrogen is absorbed by plants.

Atmospheric nitrogen diffuses into the soil and is converted into ammonia

Which group of organisms performs photosynthesis? Autotrophs Scavengers Heterotrophs Consumers Decomposer

Autotrophs

Use Figure 3-1. Which of the organisms illustrated above would be considered a decomposer? Vulture Zebra Hyena Bacteria Hare

Bacteria

What group of organisms is primarily responsible for the processes that occur in the nitrogen cycle? Autotrophs Heterotrophs Bacteria Detritovores Scavengers

Bacteria

Which of the following is not an abiotic factor? Sunlight Bacteria pH Water Soil composition

Bacteria

Which element is the primary component of fossil fuels? Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Phosphorus Nitrogen

Carbon

Which of the following is considered to be the most important element in living organisms? Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Phosphorus Nitrogen

Carbon

What relatively recent development is greatly impacting the carbon cycle? Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration Formation of fossil fuels Combustion of fossil fuels Formation of carbonate rocks

Combustion of fossil fuels

What is the major source of phosphorus on land? Deposition from atmospheric phosphorus Compounds that are formed by autotrophs during photosynthesis Compounds released from the weathering of rocks Compounds formed from bacterial conversion Compounds dissolved in precipitation

Compounds released from the weathering of rocks

Which ecosystems are considered to be the most diverse? Ecosystems experiencing high levels of disturbance Ecosystems experiencing intermediate levels of disturbance Ecosystems experiencing low levels of disturbance Ecosystems experiencing no disturbance Ecosystems that once had high levels of disturbance but have been stable for hundreds of years

Ecosystems experiencing intermediate levels of disturbance

Which of the following statements best describes the concept of NPP (Net Primary Production)? Energy captured minus energy lost Total amount of energy available for the sun Total amount of energy produced from photosynthesis Total amount of energy available within an ecosystem Total amount of cellular respiration conducted within an ecosystem

Energy captured minus energy lost Total amount of energy available for

Which of the following shows the complex interactions between species within an ecosystem? Food chain Food web Food pyramid Energy pyramid Trophic level diagram

Food web

Use Figure 3-1. Which of the organisms above would occupy the lowest trophic level? Hyena Cheetah Vulture Giraffe Lion

Giraffe

Use Figure 3-1. Which of the organisms illustrated above would be considered autotrophs? Beetle Bacteria Grass Cheetah Giraffe

Grass

Use Figure 3-3. What type of organism would you expect to find on the lowest level of the pyramid above? Gazelle Lion Vulture Giraffe Grasses

Grasses

How is the majority of energy within an ecosystem lost? Heat loss Energy used to grow biomass Cellular respiration Cellular metabolism Energy used to capture prey

Heat loss

In what ways have humans had an effect on the Nitrogen cycle? I. Use of fertilizers II. Combustion of fossil fuels III. Urbanization

I and II

What impact have humans had on the phosphorus cycle? I. Use of phosphorus containing fertilizers II. Increased urbanization of forested areas III. Increased use of phosphorus containing detergents

I and III

Which of the following are biotic? I. Decomposers II. Energy flow III. Producers

I and III

Of the following, which are products of photosynthesis? I. Glucose II. Carbon dioxide III. Water

I only

Humans have a considerable effect on the hydrologic cycle. Which of the following has a direct effect on this cycle? I. Deforestation II. Urbanization III. Mining of fossil fuels

I, II, and III

Which of the following organisms performs cellular respiration? I. Autotrophs II. Heterotrophs III. Decomposers

I, II, and III

Which of the following types of organisms carry out cellular respiration? I. Autotrophs II. Scavengers III. Secondary consumers

I, II, and III

What impact does deforestation have on the carbon cycle? Increase in amount of CO2 in the atmosphere Decrease in the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere Increase in the amount of photosynthesis Increase in the amount of cellular respiration performed by autotrophs Deforestation has no impact on the carbon cycle

Increase in amount of CO2 in the atmosphere

What is a possible result of an increased amount of CO2 in the atmosphere? Increased precipitation Decreased photosynthesis Increase in global temperature Decrease in cellular respiration Increase in formation of fossil fuels

Increase in global temperature

What effect would clear cutting within a watershed have on the water quality of a river running through the watershed? Decrease in nutrient concentration in the waters of the clear-cut watershed Increase in nutrient concentration in the waters of the clear-cut watershed Decrease in the amount of runoff entering the waters of the clear-cut watershed Increase in the biodiversity of the river Clear-cutting should not have an effect on the water quality of a river.

Increase in nutrient concentration in the waters of the clear-cut watershed

Use Figure 3-1. Which of the organisms illustrated above would be the top predator? Zebra Hyena Lion Cheetah Giraffe

Lion

Which element is the most abundant in the atmosphere? Oxygen Nitrogen Phosphorus Sulfur Hydrogen

Nitrogen

Which nutrient is most often limiting in aquatic ecosystems? Nitrogen Phosphorus Carbon Hydrogen Sulfur

Phosphorus

A scientist is observing a series of plants and measuring their growth with the addition of nutrients. She notices that the addition of nitrate has no effect on the growth while the addition of phosphorus shows significant growth. What conclusion can she draw about the nutrients in relation to this plant? Phosphorus is a limiting nutrient. Nitrogen is a limiting nutrient. The plant does not require nitrogen. The plant does not require phosphorus. The plant had an excess of nutrients, limiting its growth

Phosphorus is a limiting nutrient.

Which of the following is a biotic factor? Producers pH Water Humidity Energy

Producers

Choose the correct sequence for energy flow within an ecosystem? Herbivores→producers→carnivores→scavengers Producers→herbivores→carnivores→scavengers Producers→carnivores→herbivores→carnivores Scavengers→producers→herbivores→carnivores Carnivores→scavengers→producers→herbivores

Producers→herbivores→carnivores→scavengers

Use Figure 3-1. Which of the organisms illustrated above would be considered primary consumers? Rabbit Cheetah Lion Vulture Beetle

Rabbit

Which stage of the hydrologic cycle can be the most direct cause of algal blooms? Evaporation Precipitation Transpiration Infiltration Runoff

Runoff

What law best relates to energy loss within an ecosystem? First law of thermodynamics Second law of thermodynamics Third law of thermodynamics Law of conservation of matter Law of relativity

Second law of thermodynamics

Use Figure 3-2. Which ecosystem is the most productive? Tundra Tropical rainforest Coral reefs Swamps and marshes Desert scrub

Swamps and marshes

The addition of a limiting nutrient to an ecosystem may lead to an algal bloom. What effect will this algal bloom have on the oxygen content of the water? -The algal bloom will cause the oxygen content in the water to increase overall. -The algal bloom will cause the oxygen content in the water to decrease, leading to hypoxic conditions. - The algal bloom will have no impact on the oxygen content of the water. -The algal bloom will cause rapid fluctuations of oxygen in the water. -The oxygen content will vary based on the depth of the water.

The algal bloom will cause the oxygen content in the water to decrease, leading to hypoxic conditions.

Use Figure 3-2. How would you describe the relationship between temperature of a continental ecosystem and net primary productivity based on the data provided? There is no clear relationship between temperature and productivity. The warmer the ecosystem, the higher the productivity. The colder the ecosystem, the higher the productivity. Continental ecosystems are more productive than marine ecosystems. The warmer the ecosystem, the lower the productivity.

The warmer the ecosystem, the higher the productivity.

Which of the following statements best describes the concept of GPP (Gross Primary Production)? Total amount of energy available to primary consumers Total amount of energy available from the Sun Total amount of solar energy that producers capture via photosynthesis Total amount of energy available within an ecosystem Total amount of cellular respiration conducted within an ecosystem

Total amount of solar energy that producers capture via photosynthesis

During what stage of the hydrologic cycle is water released to the atmosphere from plants? Evaporation Transpiration Precipitation Infiltration Condensation

Transpiration

Which of the following is not a part of the carbon cycle? Transpiration Combustion Photosynthesis Extraction Respiration

Transpiration

Which of the following would be considered an instrumental value of an ecosystem? Ecological cycling of nutrients Balance of predators with prey High decomposition rates, adding nutrients to the soil High net primary production Use of lumber from forest

Use of lumber from forest

What are the physical products of cellular respiration? Oxygen and carbon dioxide Nitrogen and carbon Glucose and oxygen Water and carbon dioxide Glucose and water

Water and carbon dioxide

Which of the following are needed for photosynthesis? Water, solar energy, and carbon dioxide Water, solar energy, and glucose Carbon dioxide, energy, and glucose Oxygen, water, and energy Oxygen and glucose

Water, solar energy, and carbon dioxide

Use Figure 3-3. Looking at the ecological pyramid above, what would be the most likely number of joules to fill in X, Y, and Z? X = 100; Y = 1000; Z = 10,000 X = 1; Y = 500; Z = 10,000 X = 10,000; Y = 500; Z = 1 X = 50; Y = 50,000; Z = 500,000 X = 10,000; Y = 1000; Z = 10

X = 100; Y = 1000; Z = 10,000

Another name for a producer is a(n) heterotroph. autotroph. decomposer. nutrient. scavenger.

autotroph.

After a disturbance such as a forest fire, an ecosystem recovered very rapidly. This is an example of an ecosystem that has high resistance. low resistance. high resilience. low resilience. equal resilience and resistance.

high resilience

In the hydrologic cycle, evaporation generally occurs immediately after condensation. can only be initiated in the ocean. is essentially the same process as transpiration. is caused by heat from the Sun. cannot be affected by human activities.

is caused by heat from the Sun.

When nutrients are transported through soil with water, this process is known as infiltration. percolation. decomposition. leaching. nitrification.

leaching

An ecosystem that has been clear cut showed a dramatic decrease in the amount of nutrients and energy that were cycled in the ecosystem. In this example, the ecosystem has high resistance. low resistance. high resilience. low resilience. equal resilience and resistance.

low resistance.

Products obtained from nature that humans can use such as lumber, medicines, and food crops are known as ecological benefits. provisions. supplies. service values. intrinsically valuable.

provisions.

Processes that help to balance the ecosystems, such as balancing nutrient cycling, are known as provisions. regulating services. support systems. resilience. cultural services.

regulating services

A new field has developed that focuses on restoring damaged ecosystems. This field is known as mitigation ecology. reconciliation ecology. disturbance reconciliation habitat balancing ecology. restoration ecology.

restoration ecology.

Water that moves across the surface of the land into streams and rivers is called evaporation. precipitation. groundwater. transpiration. runoff.

runoff

Organisms that eat dead or decaying matter are called decomposers. primary consumers. scavengers. heterotrophs. autotrophs.

scavengers