Chapter 3
Human subjects are to IRB as: A) animals are to IACUC. B) animals are to CDC. C) nonhuman subjects are to NCAA. D) nonhuman subjects are to EPA.
a
(Scenario I) Patty was a participant in the study described in Scenario I. She told her friend she volunteered because she suffers from social anxiety and thought her participation might help her. Patty appears to be motivated based on: A) altruism. B) utilitarianism. C) egoism. D) idealism.
c
A person who works with the experimenter to administer a study by pretending to be a participant is called a(n): A) imposter. B) confederate. C) actor. D) traitor
b
How many principles are outlined in the Belmont Report? A) two B) three C) four D) five
b
Autonomy is crucial to which principle? A) beneficence B) respect C) informed consent D) justice
b
Rules like participants have the right to skip questions, and participants can end the study at any point demonstrate a researcher's adherence to which principle? A) beneficence B) respect for persons C) equality D) justice
b
Each of the following is a benefit that counts toward the cost-benefit analysis, EXCEPT: A) participants gain knowledge about the research process. B) participants may receive compensation for their time and effort. C) results of the study may benefit society and/or the field of psychology. D) the researcher may obtain personal gain from publishing the work. Page
d
Fairness in the selection of study participants in a manner that equally distributes costs and benefits is known as: A) integrity. B) respect. C) justice. D) beneficence.
c
How does the government affect scientific research? A) by passing laws about what topics can be investigated B) by manipulating what research methodology is available for use C) by providing research funding to encourage investigation of certain areas of interest D) by publishing research findings that support their current agenda
c
In an experiment, the cover story is: A) completely true. B) totally false. C) a mixture of truth and deception. D) is developed based on information obtained from the literature search.
c
Jasmine would like to conduct a study to determine whether children who watch excessive amounts of television are less intelligent than those who watch less television. If she conducts her study on the children she babysits without their parents' consent she is violating the principle of: A) justice. B) beneficence. C) respect. D) integrity.
c
Justice pertains to: A) how researchers maintain confidentiality. B) not coercing participation in the study. C) fairness in who is used as study participants. D) maximizing beneficial outcomes of research studies.
c
_____ is the APA guideline that commits researchers to intellectual honesty and adherence to ethical principles in scientific research. A) Respect B) Freedom C) Integrity D) Justice
c
(Scenario II) The level of IRB review most appropriate for the National Youth Tobacco Survey is: A) exempt. B) expedited. C) partial. D) full.
d
An IRB protocol classified as exempt will likely have which of the following characteristics? A) it is short B) it poses minimal risk C) it utilizes stressful psychological tests D) it contains no known physical, emotional, psychological, or economic risk
d
The application of moral principles concerning what an individual considers right and wrong to help guide one's decisions and behavior is called: A) altruistic perspective. B) file drawer problem. C) deception. D) ethics.
d
Informed consent is an important part of establishing: A) justice. B) beneficence. C) equality. D) respect for persons.
d
Random assignment of participants to conditions help to establish: A) beneficence. B) respect. C) informed consent. D) justice.
d
Research proposals submitted to the IRB require each of the following, EXCEPT: A) benefits and risks of the study. B) procedures. C) copies of forms and questionnaires. D) debriefing.
d
Roberto believes that for an act to be truly ethical, he must forgo any form of personal benefit from performing that act. Roberto's belief is in line with: A) the utilitarian perspective. B) egoism. C) the file drawer problem. D) the altruistic perspective.
d
Scientific integrity is: A) the tendency to actively promote the welfare of others. B) the physical or psychological harm that occurs as the result of participation in a research study. C) an ethical principle of research in which a researcher weighs the benefits and risks before conducting a study. D) a commitment to intellectual honesty and adherence to ethical principles in scientific research. 91. How do scientists maintain a high level of
d
The commitment to intellectual honesty and adherence to ethical principles in scientific research is known as: A) beneficence. B) justice. C) respect. D) integrity.
d
The biggest harm caused by participants who behave unethically is: A) not finding statistically significant results when a variable actually has an effect. B) wasting the researcher's time and resources. C) frustrating other research participants. D) hurting science through the publication of potentially inaccurate results.
d
The informed consent form must include all of the following, EXCEPT: A) the researchers name and contact information. B) a place for the participants' signature or consent to participate. C) a description of the general purpose and nature of the study. D) the requirement that participants answer all questions in order to receive compensation for participation.
d
The fact that researchers must be mindful of ethical considerations throughout the entire research process demonstrates the APA guideline of: A) respect. B) justice. C) integrity. D) fidelity.
d
Jasper has proposed a study in which best friends are led to believe that there are hurt feelings and unspoken animosity in the relationship. If you were evaluating his study for adherence to the ethical principle of beneficence, which would you be most concerned about? A) psychological harm B) physical harm C) economic harm D) legal harm
a
What does the IACUC oversee? A) animals B) children C) prisoners D) the mentally ill
a
Loss of confidentiality is: A) when the responses and behaviors of participants become public knowledge. B) when researcher uses coding to separate participant names from data. C) a guarantee that individual responses cannot be linked to individual participants. D) the physical toll that study participation takes on participants.
a
The belief that ethical decisions should be based on helping without personal benefit is called: A) egoism. B) the altruistic perspective. C) the utilitarian perspective. D) beneficence.
b
An ethical research study should maximize _____ and minimize _____. A) costs; risks B) risks; benefits C) benefits; risks D) nonmaleficence; benefits
c
Researchers can assure _____, but cannot guarantee _____. A) anonymity; confidentiality B) anonymity; beneficence C) confidentiality; anonymity D) confidentiality; respect
c
Selecting participants that are easiest to manipulate violates which standard? A) beneficence B) respect C) justice D) anonymity
c
The file drawer problem is: A) when researchers summarize others' ideas in their own words. B) representing the work of others as your own. C) the nonpublication of research finding that fail to conclusively support research hypotheses. D) when a researcher exposes the identity of participant
c
The nonpublication of research finding that fail to conclusively support the hypotheses of interest is referred to as: A) plagiarism. B) paraphrasing. C) the file drawer problem. D) nonmaleficence.
c
The results published by the Tobacco Institute of America during its existence from 1958? 998 often revealed beneficial aspects of smoking. Given what we now know about the dangers of smoking, the findings of the Tobacco Institute were most likely: A) plagiarized. B) paraphrased. C) falsified. D) the result of the file drawer problem.
c
Which of the following is the hardest to recognize, given the personal and emotional nature of the impact? A) physical harm B) legal harm C) psychological harm D) economic harm
c
Which of the following is true? A) There are no ethical guidelines governing how far scientists can go in their pursuit of knowledge. B) There are ethical guidelines governing how far scientists can go in their pursuit of knowledge, but they are based on each scientist's own moral compass. C) There are ethical guidelines set forth by the Belmont Report detailing how far scientists can go in their pursuit of knowledge. D) Scientists are not allowed to use any form of deception or harm when conducting studies.
c
Which of the following would NOT be included on an IRB committee? A) university faculty B) university staff C) community members, such as physicians D) undergraduate students
d
_____ is a commitment to intellectual honesty and adherence to ethical principles in scientific research, whereas _____ is fairness in selecting participants and in determining which participants receive the benefits of participation and which bear the burden of risk. A) Justice; integrity B) Integrity; beneficence C) Beneficence; respect D) Integrity; justice
d
What does massaging the data mean? A) falsifying data B) using statistical analyses to examine the data C) removing participants from the dataset when they violate a predetermined criteria D) asking a colleague to re-examine a dataset
a
As part of her health psychology study, Gizela would like to require her research participants to engage in maximal exercise. Because of this, her IRB study protocol will most likely be reviewed by: A) only the chair of the IRB. B) the IRB committee, which is composed of at least five members. C) a qualified member of the IRB committee selected by the IRB chair. D) the President of the university.
b
(Scenario I) What ethical principle would be in question if the criteria for participating in the study included having health insurance? A) beneficence B) justice C) respect for persons D) It would violate all principles.
b
Adult is the child as: A) consent is to assent. B) consent is to respect. C) assent is to consent. D) assent is to beneficence.
a
If Moira is conducting a study with minimal risk and no deception, her IRB protocol would likely be classified as: A) exempt. B) advanced. C) expedited. D) full review.
a
IRB classifications include all of the following, EXCEPT: A) exempt. B) advanced. C) expedited. D) full review.
b
In an effort to give credit where credit is due, psychological research papers include: A) informed consent. B) in-text citations and a reference page. C) a works cited page. D) in-text citations and a bibliography.
b
(Scenario II) Suppose the researchers in Scenario II only analyzed data from a select group of students without sufficient justification. This act is best described as ___________ the data. A) fabricating B) falsifying C) massaging D) manipulating
c
When conducting a cost-benefit analysis, each of the following is a potential cost that must be considered, EXCEPT: A) loss of confidentiality. B) physical harm. C) psychological harm. D) beneficence.
d
Which is the hardest to guarantee? A) confidentiality B) respect C) justice D) anonymity
d
(Scenario I) During an IRB meeting one member notes the high dose of pregabalin proposed in this study may produce significant negative side effects. Another IRB member says that although this may be true, it should only affect a few participants. She also notes that other studies have found pregabalin to have a number of positive effects. The IRB appears to be engaged in a discussion relating to: A) beneficence. B) justice. C) respect for persons. D) anonymity.
a
(Scenario III) Because of the population studied in Scenario III, the researchers likely obtained ________ from their legal guardian and __________ from the participants. A) informed consent; assent B) assent; informed consent C) consent; informed assent D) informed assent; consent
a
(Scenario III)Suppose Yatawara and colleagues (2015) found oxytocin had no effect on social bonding, and as a result didn't bother to publish their findings. Unaware of their null result, a different group of researchers just invested $35,000 in a study to examine oxytocin as a treatment for autism. According to your text this illustrates: A) the file drawer problem. B) the publication problem. C) the null result problem. D) the lock and key problem.
a
A key consideration in science is whether: A) benefits outweigh costs. B) a study is culturally relevant. C) the topic under investigation is interesting. D) the study would produce significant results.
a
Monica believes that her decisions should reflect her moral obligation to do the greatest good for the greatest number of people. His personal philosophy demonstrates: A) the utilitarian perspective. B) egoism. C) the file drawer problem. D) the altruistic perspective
a
Some of the studies conducted before the 1970s, like the Tuskegee Syphilis Study and Milgram's obedience study, could not be replicated today, because of: A) stricter ethical guidelines. B) loss of confidentiality. C) cultural standards that discourage research. D) stricter environmental guidelines.
a
Which is the correct order of classification for levels of IRB review, starting with the LEAST risk? A) exempt, expedited, full review B) expedited, full review, exempt C) full review, exempt, expedited D) exempt, full review, expedited
a
Which of the following is NOT one of the American Psychological Association's general principles for ethical research? A) freedom B) respect C) fidelity D) integrity
a
(Scenario I) Which of the following is an ethical issue apparent in Figure 1? A) Not including error bars suggests the researchers are withholding information about variability. B) The scale of the y axis is such that it makes the effect of the drug appear to be greater than it actually is. C) How anxiety was operationalized is not presented in the figure. D) The dose of each drug is not presented along the y axis.
b
(Scenario II) Based on the current ethical guidelines, from whom did the researchers in Scenario II obtain informed consent? A) the children B) the children's parents C) the children and their parents D) No one. Informed consent is not required for survey research.
b
(Scenario III) Prior to the study described in Scenario III, the researchers examined the effect of oxytocin on bonding between male and female rats. They found that oxytocin strengthened the bond between the rat pairs. Before they conducted their rat study they must have obtained approval from what group? A) the IRB B) the IACUC C) both the IRB and IACUC D) Animal research does not require approval and oversight.
b
Informed consent forms must tell participants _____, but they do not have to tell participants _____. A) what they are expected to do; where B) what they are expected to do; why C) why they are participating; what they are expected to do D) why they are participating; when
b
What is egoism? A) the believe that ethical decisions should be based on acting opposite of one's own self-interest B) the believe that ethical decisions should be based on acting in accordance with one's own self-interest C) the belief that ethical decisions should be based on helping without personal benefit D) the belief that ethical decisions should be based on doing the greatest good for the greatest number of people
b
What is the Institutional Review Board? A) a governing body that reviews the ethical merit of all research conducted with animals as subjects B) a governing body that reviews the ethical merit of all research conducted on human subjects C) a governing body that reviews the capital investment of a study and determines whether it merits being conducted D) a governing body that reviews whether studies are likely to achieve statistical significance and result in publication
b
Which of the following is one of the basic ethical principles outlined in the Belmont Report? A) equality B) beneficence C) freedom of religion D) right to legal counsel
b
Why might researchers fail to disclose the study's hypotheses in the informed consent? A) researchers only have vague ideas about the relationship between variables at the beginning of a study B) participants may respond unnaturally if they know what the researcher hopes to find C) because it would be too redundant, given the information is provided in the debriefing D) providing participants with this information would violate the ethical guideline of integrity
b
With regard to psychological research, the goal of justice is met by: A) ensuring the autonomy of participants. B) ensuring equality in the distribution of costs and benefits. C) doing as much good as possible. D) minimizing as much risk as possible.
b
(Scenario I) In the study described in Scenario I, some participants received a placebo pill. Thinking you are receiving a drug when you are not is a classic example of: A) anonymity. B) fraud. C) deception. D) experimentation.
c
(Scenario II) The researchers in Scenario II want to conduct a followup to determine whether children behave in a way consistent with their perception of e-cigs and cigarettes. In the IRB application, the researchers propose giving kids in 6th through 12th grades e-cigs and traditional cigarettes and then recording which type of cigarette the child chooses to smoke. They also indicate that if a child says they don't want either, they will be told they must select one and smoke it for the sake of the study. This procedure goes against which ethical principle? A) beneficence B) justice C) respect for persons D) all of the above
c
In a research study deception is: A) not allowed under any circumstances. B) encouraged in order to get participants to respond naturally to stimuli. C) allowed, but only used to the extent that its benefits outweigh its costs. D) inevitable.
c
Phillipe is conducting a research study in which his participants will encounter the same level of risk encountered in daily life. His study will most likely receive the IRB review classification of: A) exempt. B) advanced. C) expedited. D) full review.
c
The belief that ethical decisions should be based on doing the greatest good for the greatest number of people is called: A) the altruistic perspective. B) egoism. C) the utilitarian perspective. D) beneficence.
c
The best practices put forth by Simmons and colleagues (2011) to help decrease the temptation to falsify data include all of the following, EXCEPT: A) decide in advance how many participants to collect data from. B) report all of the different groups included in the study. C) report only the pieces of data that achieved statistical significance. D) report all of the different variables assessed in the study
c
Vito is preparing to conduct his first research study. Unfortunately, he is unsure whether he should plan to include a debriefing. When he asks his research advisor, she is likely to tell him that debriefing is: A) always required. B) never required. C) required when there is deception. D) required when there is minimal risk.
c
Which of the following is specified as a vulnerable population? A) the elderly B) women C) prisoners D) adults
c
Who governs the care of animals used in research? A) Institutional Review Board B) Internal Revenue Board C) Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee D) Internal Animal Care and Use Committee
c
(Scenario III) At the IRB meeting during which the study described in Scenario III was discussed, one committee member stated 揑f we don't approve this study a potentially effective treatment for autism may not be identified.? Which of the following best characterizes this committee members train of thought? A) nonmaleficence B) psychological harm C) cost-benefit analysis D) cost of not doing the research
d
Each of the following are benefits of the debriefing, EXCEPT it: A) helps participants learn about the scientific process. B) reveals the hypothesis under investigation. C) provides contact information to counseling services in case the study causes later emotional distress. D) contains further deception for the researcher to investigate.
d
Each of the following would be considered vulnerable populations, EXCEPT: A) mental patients. B) prisoners. C) children. D) college students.
d
Ethical dilemmas in psychology are complex because: A) there is often only one right answer. B) there is often only one wrong answer. C) the right answer often contradicts what would benefit the researcher. D) there is neither a right answer nor a wrong answer.
d
How many ethical guidelines are outlined by the American Psychological Association? A) two B) three C) four D) five
d
In order to avoid representing others' work as your own, an author should: A) only use his/her own thoughts and ideas. B) plagiarize. C) promise anonymity. D) paraphrase.
d
The report that outlines ethical principles to follow when conducting research involving humans is called the _____ Report. A) Kentucky B) Oaks C) Preakness D) Belmont
d
To maintain integrity, data analysis decisions should NOT be guided by: A) theoretical considerations. B) predetermined hypotheses. C) well-documented theories. D) desire to confirm predictions.
d
Which of the following does NOT involve deception? A) cover story B) false feedback C) using a confederate D) debriefing
d
Which of the following is NOT one of the principles outlined in the Belmont Report? A) beneficence B) respect C) justice D) integrity
d
Which of the following would NOT be considered coercion? A) providing excessive compensation for participation B) threatening physical or psychological harm for failing to participate in a study C) offering a bribe to potential participants D) giving research experience credit to Introduction to Psychology students in exchange for their participation
d
Imagine that you are designing a study to investigate a sensitive topic. Which of the following study designs would cause the most unnecessary harm? A) randomly assigning half of the participants to personally encounter the sensitive phenomenon B) studying the phenomenon in its natural habitat without interfering C) having participants read secondhand accounts of the phenomenon rather than experiencing it themselves D) having participants write about a past experience with the phenomenon rather than subjecting them re-experience it for the study
a
Representing others' work or ideas as your own, without giving proper credit is known as: A) plagiarism. B) paraphrasing. C) the file drawer problem. D) nonmaleficence.
a
What is plagiarism? A) summarizing others' ideas in your own words B) representing the work of others as your own C) the nonpublication of research finding that fail to conclusively support research hypotheses D) when a researcher exposes the identity of participant
b
Imagine that you are the chair of your university's IRB. You receive a research protocol detailing a study that would examine the impact of sleep deprivation on driving behavior. The researcher plans to have participants stay awake for varying numbers of hours in the lab and then have them operate a car during rush hour traffic. You reject this study based on its violation of the principle of: A) integrity. B) justice. C) respect. D) beneficence.
d
The difference between consent and assent is that: A) consent can only be given by the participant. B) assent can only be given by a parent or legal guardian on behalf of the participant. C) consent is given by someone who does not have the ability to give assent themselves. D) assent is given by someone who does not have the ability to give consent themselves.
d
Malcolm is a researcher who wants to ensure that he protects the confidentiality of his participants. Which of the following would increase the confidentiality of his study? A) separating the signed informed consent forms from the data B) separating the debriefing forms from the data C) storing the signed informed consent forms with the data D) storing the debriefing forms with the data
a
One goal when conducting research is nonmaleficence. This is an ethical objective to: A) minimize or eliminate risks to study participants. B) maximize risks to study participants. C) maintain fairness in determining who will benefit and be put at risk by research. D) allow participants to freely make their own decisions about participating in research.
a
The Nuremberg Code was a direct result of: A) the Tuskegee Syphilis Study. B) the prison camps during World War II. C) the Milgram study on obedience. D) the Zimbardo Prison Study.
b
What is the Institutional Review Board? A) a governing body that reviews the ethical merit of all research with humans B) a governing body that reviews the ethical merit of all research with animals C) a governing body that reviews the capital investment of a study and determines whether it merits being conducted D) a governing body that reviews whether studies are likely to achieve statistical significance
a
Which of the following ethical principles is the most central to the utilitarian perspective of ethical understanding? A) beneficence B) integrity C) respect D) justice
a
Which of the following is a cost of NOT conducting research? A) failing to find important information that will improve the human condition B) loss of confidentiality of participants C) psychological harm of the research D) egoism
a
The belief that ethical decisions should be based on acting in accordance with one's own self-interest is called: A) the utilitarian perspective. B) egoism. C) the altruistic perspective. D) beneficence.
b
Federal government is to ethical standards as: A) American Psychological Association is to biblical rules. B) American Psychological Association is to general principles. C) American Psychological Association is to moral imperatives. D) American Psychological Association is to ethical laws.
b
Figure distortion is related to which aspect of scientific integrity? A) plagiarism B) misrepresentation of data C) fabricating the data D) paraphrasing
b
How do scientists maintain a high level of scientific integrity? A) by relying on their intuition to determine what is ethical B) by maintaining an open and honest approach to science and adhering to ethical principles C) by uphold ethical principles only when they are convenient D) by researching topics that are politically popular
b
If Felicia wants to conduct a research study with no known risk: A) she does not need to file an IRB protocol. B) she needs to file an IRB protocol for an exempt study. C) she needs to file an IRB protocol for an expedited study. D) she needs to file an IRB protocol for a full review.
b
If a research question requires the researcher to induce stress in participants: A) the research cannot be conducted. B) at the end of the study, the researcher must return participants to same or better physical and psychological state. C) researchers must ensure the presence of residual stress after the research study. D) it is fine as long as the researcher believes the benefits outweigh the costs.
b
Margie received a marginally significant finding to her correlational study examining the relationship between wall color and participant mood. When writing up her results for publication she summarizes her efforts to say that certain colors cause better moods and other colors cause worse moods. What ethical violation has Margie committed? A) plagiarism B) misrepresenting C) omitting data points D) nonmaleficence
b
Minimal risk is to expedited review as: A) less than minimal risk is to full review. B) less than minimal risk is to exempt review. C) greater than minimal risk is to exempt review. D) greater than minimal risk is to advanced review.
b
Nabil is examining whether taking the medicine, Lactaid, will make people more tolerant of lactose in dairy products. In order to do this, he assigns the participants in the control condition to eat dairy, knowing that they will not receive medication to help their digestive systems handle the lactose. In this case, which of the following should be of greatest concern to Nabil? A) psychological harm B) physical harm C) economic harm D) legal harm
b
Targeting studies toward _____ represents a violation of justice. A) adults B) children C) college students D) females
b
The Nuremberg Code is to the 1940s as the Belmont Report is to the: A) 1950s. B) 1970s. C) 1990s. D) 2010s.
b
Walter creates a graph for his research manuscript that makes his findings look more significant than they actually are. Barney, on the other hand, discusses his marginally significant finding as if it were significant. What do Walter and Barney have in common? A) Both have behaved ethically. B) Both have misrepresented their results. C) Both have plagiarized. D) Both have violated the principle of ethical justice.
b
What does it mean to say that a researcher overstated his/her results? A) They blatantly lied about the findings to gain notoriety. B) They drew conclusions that were not supported by the data. C) They widely publicized their findings at conferences and through networking. D) They altered their data to produce results that they did not achieve.
b
When would participants receive the contact information to free counseling services provided by the research institution? A) during participant recruitment B) in the debriefing C) when the study was published or presented D) immediately after being randomly assigned to a condition
b
Which best describes the use of vulnerable populations in research? A) They cannot be used for psychological research. B) They can be used if researchers are able to demonstrate that potential benefits outweigh costs. C) They can be used at any point because they are an important subset of the population that needs investigating. D) They can only be used if they need medical attention.
b
Which of the following is the foundation of most ethical decisions in psychology? A) self-interest versus what is good for others B) tension between potential costs and benefits C) objective versus subjective understanding of truth D) the dichotomy between good and evil
b
The greatest ethical cost of Milgram's classical work on obedience, in which participants were erroneously led to believe they were delivering harmful shocks to the confederate, is that it caused _____ to the participant. A) physical harm B) legal harm C) psychological harm D) economic harm
c
Anonymity is: A) when the responses and behaviors of participants become public knowledge. B) when researcher use coding to separate participant names from data. C) a guarantee that individual responses cannot be linked to individual participants. D) the physical toll that study participation takes on the participants
c
Beatrice needs ten more participants in order to complete her dissertation project. Because recruitment has slowed down, she decides to offer $100 to anyone willing to participate in her study. What principle has Beatrice violated? A) justice B) beneficence C) respect for persons D) equality
c
What is beneficence? A) fairness in determining who will benefit and be put at risk by research B) freedom of participants to make their own decisions about participating in research C) an ethical obligation to improve the well-being of others as much as possible D) a mandate prohibiting deception in research studies
c
What is the altruistic perspective? A) the belief that ethical decisions should be based on helping in a way that provides the greatest personal benefit B) the belief that ethical decisions should be based on acting in accordance with one's own self-interest C) the belief that ethical decisions should be based on helping without personal benefit D) the belief that ethical decisions should be based on doing the greatest good for the greatest number of people
c
Which of the following caused the most physical harm to participants? A) Milgram's obedience study B) the Stanford Prison Study C) the Tuskegee Syphilis Study D) Wendell Johnson's stuttering study
c
Which study as the most obvious beneficence? A) a social psychology study examining conformity B) a developmental psychology study examining moral development in preschoolers C) a health psychology study aimed at minimizing risk of cancer D) a clinical psychology study examining dosage for anxiety medication
c
With regard to participants' emotional responses to the research study, the debriefing tells participants that: A) they overreacted to a hypothetical situation. B) they underreacted as a result of the research lab being an unnatural setting. C) any feelings they had during the study were natural. D) their emotional responses were unusual and merit further investigation.
c
Autonomy means: A) research must improve the well-being of others as much as possible. B) promising that the identity of research participants will not be made public. C) using other people's work without acknowledging that it is their work. D) participants must freely make an informed decision about their participation in research.
d
Each of the following helps to maintain participant confidentiality, EXCEPT: A) using a coding system to assign personal identification numbers to the data. B) separating the signed informed consent forms from the data. C) not asking participants to put their name on their experimental rating forms. D) discussing a specific individual's data by name in a subsequent presentation or publication.
d
The Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee evaluates adherence to regulations on each of the following, EXCEPT: A) housing. B) food. C) health care. D) rate of mortality.
d
The belief that ethical decisions should be based on acting in accordance with one's own self-interest is known as _____, whereas the belief that ethical decisions should be based on helping without personal benefit is known as _____. A) the utilitarian perspective; the altruistic perspective B) egoism; the utilitarian perspective C) the utilitarian perspective; egoism D) egoism; the altruistic perspective
d
What is the Nuremberg Code? A) a set of ethical principles specifying the need for beneficence, justice, and respect in research involving humans B) the tendency for researchers to avoid publishing the results from experiments where there were no significant effects of the experimental manipulation C) a group within each research institution that determines whether a proposed research project is ethical D) a set of principles for human experimentation stating that the voluntary consent of the human subject is absolutely essential
d
What is the utilitarian perspective? A) the belief that ethical decisions should be based on doing the least amount of good for people B) the believe that ethical decisions should be based on acting in accordance with one's own self-interest C) the belief that ethical decisions should be based on helping without personal benefit D) the belief that ethical decisions should be based on doing the greatest good for the greatest number of people Page
d
Which of the following should happen first when testing a research question? A) conduct the study using an ethical research design B) randomly assign participants to conditions C) draw conclusions D) perform a cost-benefit analysis
d
Which of the following states that researchers have an ethical obligation to improve the wellbeing of others as much as possible? A) freedom B) respect C) justice D) beneficence
d
The IACUC must consist of at least five members, including at least one: A) veterinarian. B) spiritual leader. C) doctor. D) social scientist.
a
What does IRB stand for? A) Institutional Review Board B) Internal Revenue Board C) Internal Review Board D) International Revision Board
a
Deception is often present in the: A) cover story. B) debriefing. C) informed consent. D) hypothesis.
a
Imagine that you are a participant in a research study. Which of the following would you have the right to expect? A) confidentiality B) compensation C) anonymity D) deception
a
A cover story is used to: A) tell participants what the study is about. B) inform participants about the risks and benefits of participation. C) divulge where deception was used in the study. D) alert participants to their right to refuse or terminate participation at any time without penalty.
a
After collecting the data for her thesis project, Rae places the master list of participants' names in a locked filing cabinet separate from where she keeps her data. Rae stores her information in this way to maintain: A) confidentiality. B) respect. C) justice. D) informed consent.
a
Anthony is evaluating an IRB protocol that details a social psychology study on conformity. The researcher would like to conduct his work in the county jail. A review of the IRB protocol reveals that the researcher anticipates providing compensation to the sheriff, rather than to the inmates who would be the participants. For which of the following principles would this protocol be most concerning? A) justice B) beneficence C) respect for persons D) equity
a
Dr. Halpert is a reviewer for the IRB. He receives a research protocol that details a health psychology study in which participants are unknowingly injected with strains of chlamydia in order to investigate the optimal antibiotic treatment. What is likely her first concern? A) a violation of the ethical principle of respect B) the researcher's failure to maintain scientific integrity C) a violation of the principle of fidelity D) that costs and rewards of the study are not divided fairly among representative samples of the population
a
Dr. John Watson's research with the baby known as Little Albert violated the principle of _____, because Albert's mother was Dr. Watson's employee and may have felt forced into allowing her son's participation. A) respect for persons B) beneficence C) justice D) equality
a
During the Tuskegee Syphilis Study, researchers never told the participants they had syphilis, nor did they treat any participants for their illness. In this example, the researchers ignored the cost of: A) physical harm. B) anonymity. C) beneficence. D) integrity.
a
Jessa is a health psychologist who is examining the impact of a medication on risk of heart attack. Approximately one year into her study she realizes that participants in her experimental condition are outliving participants in her control condition. Once she realizes that her treatment offers a life-sustaining benefit, what should she do? A) She should end the study and administer the treatment to all participants. B) She should continue the study but allow those in her control condition to leave the study if they would like. C) She should end the study and withhold the treatment from both groups until the study can be replicated by another scientist who can verify her findings. D) She should continue the study, but let the control group know that they are being kept from the effective medical treatment being used in the experimental condition.
a
What does IACUC stand for? A) Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee B) Internal Animal Care and Use Committee C) Institutional Advancement Council for Use and Care D) Internal Advancement of Children's Use and Care
a
What is a confederate? A) an accomplice of the experimenter B) participants who have not given assent C) participants in other studies D) participants who do not know the purpose of a study
a
How might a research participant behave unethically? A) by not disclosing the true purpose of the study B) by failing to understand the research hypothesis C) by not providing honest and truthful responses D) by not showing up on time for the study
c
How often does the IACUC require research laboratories to be inspected? A) weekly B) monthly C) every six months D) yearly
c
How do you obtain consent for mentally impaired participants? A) you can't conduct research on a participant who is mentally impaired B) ask that individual personally C) ask a parent or legal guardian for consent on that individual's behalf D) it is fine to conduct research on individuals who are mentally impaired without having consent
c
Magda is conducting a study that examines partner selection preferences. She recruits single participants, but while examining her data finds that a few of her participants were actually in a relationship. Is she able to omit the data from the participants who are romantically involved? A) No, because that would be data mining. B) No, because it would violate the principle of integrity. C) Yes, because her hypothesis and research design give her sufficient justification to remove those individuals. D) Yes, because it is her study and as the experimenter she can do what she feels is best.
c
Researchers must complete an IRB proposal: A) every year to maintain their current ethical credentials. B) every month to maintain their current ethical credentials. C) for every research study they wish to conduct. D) once at each research institution at which they work.
c
Self is to other as: A) altruistic perspective is to utilitarian perspective. B) utilitarian perspective is to egoism. C) egoism is to utilitarian perspective. D) altruistic perspective is to egoism.
c
The difference between exempt and expedited review is that: A) one requires an IRB protocol. B) one requires review by the IRB chair. C) exempt review is for when there is less than minimal risk. D) expedited review is for when there is less than minimal risk.
c
To pass Professor Smith's class, his students must participate in his psychological study. If he makes no other options available to his students, then his actions are a violation of: A) justice. B) beneficence. C) respect for persons. D) equality.
c
Which of the following includes distress, concern, and lowered selfesteem? A) physical harm B) legal harm C) psychological harm D) economic harm
c
Which of the following is an APA general principle, but NOT one of the Belmont Report principles? A) beneficence B) justice C) integrity D) respect
c
With regard to sensitive or harmful topics, like stealing, cheating, and aggression, the APA ethical considerations suggest that they: A) cannot be investigated. B) should be treated as any other topic. C) require creativity to investigate. D) do not need to adhere to the same ethical standards.
c
Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Study, in which participants acting as guards began to abuse other participants who were role-playing as prisoners, could not be replicated today, because it caused too much: A) physical and legal harm. B) psychological and financial harm. C) physical and psychological harm. D) legal and economic harm.
c
What is the Belmont Report? A) a report that outlines ethical principles to follow when conducting research involving humans B) a report that outlines ethical principles to follow when conducting research involving animals C) a report that outlines ethical principles to follow when conducting research involving children D) a report that outlines ethical principles to follow when conducting research involving prisoners
a
Bella is conducting an online study and participants can complete her study without ever physically meeting with her. How might Bella obtain informed consent from her participants in this online environment? A) have a written informed consent form that participants must print, sign, and mail in B) have no consent form, because online studies are ethical by nature C) have participants indicate consent by selecting the appropriate button D) ask the parents of participants to submit written assent
c
Dr. Lavoy is the chair of her university's IRB committee. She receives a protocol that describes a study on aggression. As part of the planned study, apes will receive electrical shocks until they exhibit some form of aggressive behavior. What is likely her first concern? A) a violation of the principle of respect B) the researcher's failure to maintain scientific integrity C) that animal research is not governed by the IRB D) that costs and rewards of the study are not divided fairly
c
Ethics are: A) what a person should do. B) what a person should not do. C) the application of moral principles to help guide one's decisions and behavior. D) abstract philosophical doctrines governing behavioral practices.
c
