Chapter 3 Psychology
Overtones
Tones that result from sound waves that are multiples of the basic tone; primary determinant of timbre
Basilar membrane
Vibrating membrane in the cochlea of the inner ear it contains sense receptors for sound
Volley principle
a modified or refined frequency theory; suggest that the auditory neurons fire in the sequence increasing to a rapid series of impulses; the complete pattern corresponds to the frequency of a soundwave
Oval window
membrane that covers the opening between the middle ear and inner ear that conducts vibrations to the cochlea
Gate control theory
pain is only experienced in the pain messages can pass through a gate in the spinal cord on their route to the brain
Timbre
quality of sound
Kinesthetic senses
sense of muscle movement, posture, and strain on muscles/joints; provides information on speed and direction of movement; works with vestibular sense
Hertz (Hz)
unit for frequency cycles per second
Decibel
unit of measurement for the loudness of sounds
Placebo effect
A pill or procedure that people thinkb
Sound
A psychological experience created by the brain in response to changes in air pressure that are received by the auditory system
Pitch
Auditory experience A tone's experienced highness or lowness; depends on frequency for sounds and vibrations
Auditory nerve
Bundle of axons that carries signals from each ear to the brain
Sound waves
Changes in pressure caused when molecules of air or fluid collide with one another and then move apart again
Pheromones
Chemical molecules that communicate information to other members of a species, and influence their behavior through smell
Frequency
Number of cycles per second in a wave, primary determinant of pitch
Cochlea
Part of the inner ear containing fluid that vibrates which in turn causes the basilar membrane to vibrate
Taste buds
Receptors for taste found on the tongue in papillae.
Olfactory bulb
Smell center in the brain
Organ of corti
Structure on the surface of the basilar membrane that contains the receptor cells for hearing
Amplitude
The magnitude of a wave in sound the primary determinant of loudness
Vestibular senses
The sensations of movement, balance, and body position in space
Biopsychosocial theory
The theory that the interaction of biological, psychological, and cultural factors influences the intensity and duration of pain.
Frequency theory
Theory that pitch is determined by the frequency with which hair cells in the cochlea fire
Place theory
Theory that pitch is determined by the location of greatest vibration on the basilar membrane