Chapter 3 Quiz
A
An officer can use which of the following to establish probable cause? A) All of the answers are correct. B) The officer's own knowledge of particular facts and circumstances C) Information given by a reliable third person D) Information plus corroboration
D
For probable cause purposes, information provided by identified, ordinary citizen eyewitnesses or other police officers A) must satisfy only the Aguilar reliability of informant prong. B) must satisfy only the Aguilar reliability of the information prong. C) must satisfy both Aguilar prongs. D) is usually presumed reliable.
C
In Alabama v. White, the U.S. Supreme Court held that an anonymous tip supplemented by _____ could establish reasonable suspicion. A) an affidavit by the officer who received the tip B) hearsay information C) corroboration by independent police work D) information from another anonymous informant
D
In Illinois v. Gates (1983), for probable cause determinations, the U.S. Supreme Court: A) adopted the Aguilar 2-prong test. B) eliminated the Aguilar reliability of information prong. C) eliminated the Aguilar reliability of informant prong. D) adopted the totality of the circumstances test.
C
In U.S. v. Leon, the U.S. Supreme Court held that information five months old was stale and could not be used to establish: A) arrest probable cause. B) reasonable suspicion. C) search probable cause. D) proof beyond a reasonable doubt.
A
In determining probable cause, the term "man of reasonable caution" is best interpreted using the standard of an "objectively reasonable police officer," may be found in which case? A) Brinegar v. United States (1949) B) Miranda v. Arizona (1966) C) Alabama v. White (1990) D) Maryland v. Pringle (2003)
D
In establishing probable cause, officers may rely on their: A) intuition. B) standard operating procedures. C) experiences of others. D) experience.
C
In testing for the existence of a reasonable suspicion, officers and judges apply: A) only the Aguilar reliability of information prong. B) only the Aguilar reliability of informant prong. C) the totality of the circumstances test. D) both prongs of the Aguilar test.
A
Originally, the term "man of reasonable caution" referred to: A) ordinary men. B) police officers. C) judges. D) lawyers.
A
Probable cause has a: A) both legal and practical definition. B) legal definition. C) practical definition. D) None of the answers are correct.
C
The concept of _________ can be defined as existing "when the facts and circumstances within the officers' knowledge and of which they had reasonably trustworthy information sufficient in themselves to warrant a man of reasonable caution in the belief." A) absolute certainty B) proof beyond a reasonable doubt C) probable cause D) reasonable suspicion
D
The issuance of a warrant ensures a more orderly procedure and is a better guarantee that probable cause is, in fact, present because it has been reviewed by a(n): A) subjective and detached magistrate. B) subjective and benign magistrate. C) educated legal mind. D) neutral and detached magistrate.
B
The legal definition of probable cause states that it is more than: A) circumstantial evidence. B) bare suspicion. C) reasonable suspicion. D) clear and convincing evidence.
B
The problem of stale (or old) information arises in which of the following determinations? A) Only in felony arrest probable cause determinations B) Only in search and seizure probable cause determinations C) In all kinds of probable cause determinations D) In all arrest probable cause determinations
C
The standard definition of probable cause, and which established the reasonableness test, can be found in the U.S. Supreme Court's 1949 decision, _____ v. U.S. A) Cosmo B) Searcy C) Brinegar D) White
C
The two definitions of probable cause are: A) practical and impractical. B) real and legal. C) legal and practical. D) None of the answers are correct.
B
The two-pronged test established in the Aguilar and Spinelli cases was later replaced by what test? A) Reasonable suspicion test B) Totality of the circumstances test C) Probable cause test D) Consideration test
B
What level of proof is required for an officer to conduct a stop and frisk? A) Proof by a preponderance of the evidence B) A reasonable suspicion C) Probable cause D) A mere suspicion or hunch
C
Which of the following does not require probable cause? A) Search or arrest warrant B) Conviction C) Stop and frisk D) Arrest
B
Which of the following is one of the three ways that probable cause can be established? A) Information given by an unreliable third person B) Information plus corroboration C) None of the answers are correct. D) Illegally obtained evidence
