Chapter 3 Science Trimester 1 Review
How far apart were Alexandria and Syene?
10 degrees
When did Copernicus live from?
1473-1543
When did Tycho Brahe live?
1546-1601
When did Johannes Kepler live?
1571-1630
How many books did Copernicus make to fix the calendar?
2
How long before 1492 did we know the Earth was wrong?
2,000 years
How long did it take Kepler to go through Brahe's 20 volumes?
20 years
When did Eratosthenes live from?
276 to 194 BC
What did Kepler come up with from Brahe's 20 volumes?
3 laws of planetary motion
When did Aristotle live from?
384-322 BC
What is Earth's circumference?
40,000 km
How many planets are "wanderers"?
6
When did Ptolemy live from?
90-168 AD
Who was Tycho Brahe?
A Danish Nobleman who enjoyed partying
What was Kepler?
A German mathematician and astronomer (Astronomia Motra)
What are characteristics of an epideferent?
A big, perfect circle
What are 1s in eccentricity?
A line
What are characteristics of an epicycle?
A small, perfect circle
What was used to figure out the problem of retrograde?
A spirograph
What cities did Eratosthenes use to measure the Earth's circumference?
Alexandria and Syene
Who gathered knowledge that is now the world's knowledge?
Aristotle
What do wanderers seem as?
As if they were wandering around the sky
Was Jesus before or after Ptolemy?
Before
Who lied in an observatory and kept 20 volumes of meticulous data that were written from observing the sky?
Brahe
Who owned a reindeer who liked beer?
Brahe
When did most educated people know the Earth was round?
By 1492
How did the Greeks view the Earth in Aristotle's time?
Celestial spheres
What were all the people knew in Aristotle's time in?
Celestial spheres
What is perihelion?
Closest to the Sun
What type of orbit is close to 1?
Comet orbits
Which system is Heliocentric?
Copernican System
Who changed the world's view about the Sun being in the center?
Copernicus
Who did the Pope turn to to fix the calendar and drop ten days?
Copernicus
Who wrote "On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres"?
Copernicus
What came between Ptolemy and Copernicus?
Dark ages
What did Ptolemy come up with?
Deferent and epicycles
Which book by Copernicus was given to the Pope while he was still alive?
Earth at the center
Explain the retrograde motion of Mars.
Earth catches up to and passes Mars because Earth is faster.. the planet closest to the Sun is faster than the planet farther from the Sun
What is geocentric?
Earth centered
Which direction did most planets move in?
East
How did we know the Earth was round?
Eclipses had a curve
What was the best explanation for the motions of Mars discovered by Kepler?
Ellipse
What are the 3 laws of planetary motion?
Elliptical orbits, equal area law, and harmonic law
Who was known for being the very first to measure the Earth's circumference?
Eratosthenes
If you were on Mercury, who has retrograde?
Every planet
Which planets are retrograde from our perspective?
Every planet except Venus and Mercury
What does it mean to go retrograde?
Everything goes to the East while we go West
What is Aphelion?
Farthest from the Sun
How fast would you go at perihelion?
Fastest
Was the Ptolemaic system hello or geocentric?
Geocentric
What did Kepler not know about?
Gravity
Why could Copernicus get in trouble?
He believed that the Sun was in the center, while the Church still believed in geocentric
What was Sir Isaac Newton's flaw?
He couldn't tolerate anyone dumber than him
What happened to Brahe over a girl?
His nose was sliced off and later replaced with a gold one
What did the Greeks think the stars were in Aristotle's time?
Holes punched in a shell
Where did Brahe live?
In his castle, Uraniborg, on his island, Hven
What does eccentricity do?
Indicates how flat (stretched out) an ellipse is
What did the Greeks believe about the last celestial sphere in Aristotle's time?
It was black
What was the problem with the book about Earth being at the center?
It was not as accurate due to the harder math that did not make sense
Who received Brahe's volumes of data?
Kepler
Who were the two people by Brahe's death bed?
Kepler and another party animal
Which planets were we not able to see?
Neptune and Uranus
Does Mars go backwards?
No
Does eccentricity have a unit?
No
Is any planetary orbit very eccentric?
No
Is retrograde perfect?
No
What are 0s in eccentricity?
Perfect circles
What is the Greek word for wanderer?
Planet
What type of orbit is close to 0?
Planetary orbits
What was Copernicus' occupation?
Polish Priest
Who came up with the explanation of retrograde?
Ptolemy
Who wrote "Almagest"?
Ptolemy
How did some planets move?
Retrograde
What does the Copernican System accurately explain?
Retrograde motion
Which planet did the Greeks believe was the farthest with celestial spheres in Aristotle's time?
Saturn
Who said "If I have seen further it is by standing on the shoulders of giants"?
Sir Isaac Newton
How fast would you go at aphelion?
Slowest
What did the Greeks believe about celestial spheres in Aristotle's time?
That everything was in its own sphere and they all revolve around Earth
What does retrograde ruin the idea of?
That the universe is perfect
Who said "Heavens are perfect, imperfection only lies on Earth"?
The Greeks
Who was "On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres" dedicated to?
The Pope
What was included in Almagest?
The Ptolemaic system
What did Brahe need to find?
The best explanations for the motions of Mars
When was "On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres" published?
The day Copernicus died, it was kept under his mattress and he told a friend to publish it then so that he would not get into trouble
How is eccentricity figured out?
The focus point
Which direction do Venus and Uranus spin in?
The opposite of normal
What is the easiest way to state the first law?
The orbit of a planet follows an ellipse with the Sun at one focus, everything in the orbit follows this law, and the thing you orbit is always at one point of the focus, while there is nothing at the other one
What are constellations used for?
The seasons
Why aren't Venus and Mercury retrograde to us?
They are faster than us
How did the "wanderers" differ from other stars?
They don't have the same pattern as every other star
How long do people believe in geocentric?
Thousands of years
How did Brahe die?
Urinary infection
How did Eratosthenes measure the Earth's circumference?
Using shadows 36 times and the measurement of a stadium
What does "If I have seen further it is by standing on the shoulders of giants" mean?
We have gotten where we are only because we have built on what the others who have gone before us have done.
What is the equal area law?
When a planet sweeps out an equal area of its orbit in equal time (the areas swept out whenever you compare an equal amount of time).
Is retrograde a broad term?
Yes
Elliptical orbit=
changing velocity
The equal area law is equal area in...
equal time
The further away a planet,
the less gravity and pull will be on it
Further from the focus the Sun is...
the slower you go
