Chapter 3 study guide

Which of the following questions is most likely to result in a socially desirable answer? "Have you ever lied on a job or internship application?" "When was the last time you posted to social media?" "Do you wear glasses or contacts?" "How often do you shop online?"

"Have you ever lied on a job or internship application?"

You are an educational psychologist who is testing the discriminant validity of a new measure of numerical learning difficulties. You give your new measure to a group of students, along with another measure of verbal learning difficulties. You predict that numerical learning difficulties and verbal learning difficulties should not be strongly related to one another. Which of the following correlations would you hope to find in order to establish discriminant validity? r = +0.83 r = -0.12 r = +1.00 r = -1.00

-0.12

When using correlation coefficients to evaluate reliability, which of the following is undesirable? It depends on the scale of measurement being used in the study A strong correlation coefficient A correlation coefficient close to +1.00 A negative correlation coefficient

A negative correlation coefficient

Before using the measure in your study, you give the measure to a group of pilot test participants on the first day of the semester and again on the last day of the semester. You are examining the scatterplot of the data you collected on the first day of the semester and the last day of the semester. On the scatterplot, you see that the dots are very close to forming a diagonal line. This indicates which of the following? A valid finding A strong relationship A nonrelationship A negative finding

A strong relationship

In which of the following studies is self-report the best data collection option? -A study examining discussions about natural childbirth between mothers and doctors. -A study examining the intensity of pain during natural childbirth. -A study examining the health of children born via natural childbirth. -A study examining the breathing styles used during natural childbirth.

A study examining the intensity of pain during natural childbirth.

Your coresearcher says that when examining validity you always want to see positive correlations. Why is your coresearcher wrong? (Select 1)(1pts) Student Results Multiple ChoiceMultiple Choice OptionsCorrelations are not used to examine validity.The strength of a correlation matters, but the direction of a correlation does not matter.Negative correlations are desirable when examining Both the strength and the direction of a correlation matter when examining validity.

Both the strength and the direction of a correlation matter when examining validity

You are interested in studying levels of anxiety in children who have lived through a major natural disaster. As you plan your study, you are considering various operational definitions of anxiety. Which of the following is an example of an operational definition for anxiety that you could consider? State of being uneasy Feeling worried Changes in heart rate while viewing images of the aftereffect of a natural disaster Level of apprehension

Changes in heart rate while viewing images of the aftereffect of a natural disaster

Which of the following hypotheses would be best tested with a survey? -Sharing with others increases dopamine levels. -Children who are exposed to more words per day have faster brain development. -College students with part-time jobs have high self-esteem. -Drinking coffee makes people walk faster.

College students with part-time jobs have high self-esteem

What is the term for a researcher's definition of the variable in question at a theoretical level? Construct validity Operational definition Measurement validity Conceptual definition

Conceptual definition

You are concerned about the validity of the measure of narcissism that you are intending to use for your study. You ask a fellow researcher to look at your scale, and your colleague thinks that the scale will measure narcissism. You now have evidence of which of the following? Discriminant validity Concurrent validity Content validity Face validity

Face validity

You decide to create a questionnaire asking people about their attitudes toward immigration (a socially sensitive topic). You should be most concerned about which of the following? Negatively worded answers People self-reporting more than they can know Fence sitting Faking bad

Fence sitting

What does it mean that "reliability is necessary but not sufficient for validity"? If a measure is reliable, it is also valid. If a measure is valid, it is also reliable. Reliability and validity are the same concept. Reliability and validity are unrelated concepts.

If a measure is valid, it is also reliable.

Before using the measure in your study, you analyze the data that you got from your pilot test participants. You look at the relationship between each of the individual questions. You see that participants who agree with Question 1 also agree with Question 3 and disagree with Question 2. This is a test of which of the following? Interrater reliability Test-retest reliability Construct reliability Internal reliability

Internal reliability

Which of the following is an example of physiological measurement Number of panic attacks a patient reports Participants' indications of whether or not they've been diagnosed with high blood pressure Measurements of hormones in the bloodstream Level of anxiety reported by participants

Measurements of hormones in the bloodstream

Which of the following statements is true of observational data? Observational measures automatically have good construct validity. Observational measures can be used to make frequency claims. Observational measures cannot be used to make causal claims. Observational measures provide better information than self-report data.

Observational measures can be used to make frequency claims.

Which of the following is a unique threat to construct validity found only in behavioral observation? Fence sitting Socially desirable responding Observer bias Acquiescence

Observer bias

Why might question order impact how people respond to a survey or poll? People may try to appear consistent. People cannot understand multiple questions. People are easily confused. People are lazy.

People may try to appear consistent.

You are developing a measure of "need for cognition," which is the degree to which people enjoying thinking and solving problems. You ask your participants to rate their agreement with the following statement: "I frequently solve and enjoy solving crossword puzzles and Sudoku puzzles." Of the following, which option is the best way to improve the construct validity of this question? -Phrase the question in a neutral way. -Avoid suggesting a particular viewpoint in the question. -Split up the question into two separate questions. -Avoid using negative phrasing in the question.

Split up the question into two separate questions.

You have created a survey asking participants first to report how happy they are with their current job and then second to report how happy they are with their life in general. Your coresearcher recommends that you should create a second version of the survey that reverses the order of these questions. Why is your coresearcher recommending this? -Your coresearcher is concerned that you have included too many double-barreled questions. -Your coresearcher is concerned that your participants may skip questions. -Your coresearcher is concerned that your results could be impacted by the order of questions. -Your coresearcher is concerned that your participants will try to fake good.

Your coresearcher is concerned that your results could be impacted by the order of questions

Another word for discriminant validity is _____ validity. convergent asymmetrical divergent multiple

divergent

Observer bias relates mainly to _____, whereas observer effects stem from _____. researchers; participants validity; reliability outcomes; expectations faking good; faking bad

researchers; participants

Faking good is also known as _____ nondifferentiation fence sitting acquiescence socially desirable responding

socially desirable responding

You are wondering if the 3-item scale will really measure narcissism or if it will measure some other related concept. You are concerned about the scale's _____. reliability operational definition validity convenience

validity

You calculate a correlation coefficient (r) to examine the relationship between Question 1 and Question 2, and between Question 1 and Question 3. You find a correlation coefficient of r = -0.75 between Question 1 and Question 2, and a correlation coefficient of r = +0.75 between Question 1 and Question 3. Which of the following is true of your findings. -The correlation between Questions 1 and 2 is much weaker than the correlation between Questions 1 and 3. -There appears to be good internal reliability in the scale. -The correlation between Questions 1 and 2, and Questions 1 and 3 are in the same direction. -The negative correlation between Questions 1 and 2 means that the scale is not reliable.

There appears to be good internal reliability in the scale.

You decide to test the internal reliability of your narcissism scale. Which of the following results demonstrates good internal reliability? Cronbach's alpha = -0.98 Cronbach's alpha = -0.03 Cronbach's alpha = 0.10 Cronbach's alpha = 0.95

Cronbach's alpha = 0.95

Before using the measure in your study, you give the measure to a group of pilot test participants on the first day of the semester and again on the last day of the semester. You then compare the scores between the two test administrations. This is a test of which of the following? nterrater reliability Internal reliability Test-retest reliability Construct reliability

Test-retest reliability

Which of the following is true when asking people questions about themselves? -The confidence people have in their memories is not strongly related to the accuracy of their memory. -If people are inaccurate in reporting their reasons for behavior, it is because they are deliberately trying to be deceptive. -People are very good judges of the reasons for their behavior. People are better able to remember vivid memories.

The confidence people have in their memories is not strongly related to the accuracy of their memory

Asking an expert (or experts) to evaluate a measure is used to establish _____ validity. face divergent criterion content

face

If a measurement looks like it is a plausible operationalization of a conceptual variable, then it has _____. face validity credibility interrater reliability subjectivity

face validity

A researcher most likely prepared two versions of a survey with different question sequencing to address the issue of _____. fence sitting responses flashbulb memories question order appropriate question formats

question order

The construct validity of observations can be threatened by _____. acquiescence reactivity leading questions socially desirable responding

reactivity

Using a computerized measure of implicit opinions, such as the Implicit Association Test, is a way to address _____. nondifferentiation socially desirable responses fence sitting acquiescence

socially desirable responses