Chapter 3 - The Age of Reformation
Spiritual Exercises
A devotional guide written by Ignatius that contained mental and emotional exercises designed to teach one absolute
Antitrinitarians
A group of radical protestants who rejected the Holy Trinity
Canton
A subdivision of a country established for political or administrative purposes
Frederick the Wise
An elector who protected Martin Luther and saved his life and the Protestant movement
Diet of Augsburg
Assembly of Protestant and Catholic representatives called by Charles V to address the growing religious division in the empire during the Reformation. Attempted to order all Lutherans to revert to Catholicism
Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra
Author of "Don Quixote," a satire on the chivalric romances that were popular in Spain.
William Shakespeare
Famous English playwright
Zwingli
First Swedish Protestant leader and leader of the Swiss Reformation
Theatines
Founded in 1524 to groom devout and reform-minded leaders at the higher levels of the church hierarchy. Supported the Counter-Reformation
Ignatius of Loyola
Founder of the Jesuits
Diet of Worms (1521)
German Nobility who gave the Holy Roman Emperor a list of 102 oppressive Church burdens and abuses
Reformation
The sixteenth-century religious movement that sought to reform the Roman Catholic Church and led to the establishment of Protestantism
William Tyndale
Known for translating the New Testament into English
Counter-Reformation
The sixteenth-century reform movement in the Roman Catholic Church in reaction to the Protestant Reformation
Jesuits
Believed that Catholics should deny themselves and submit without question to higher church authority and spiritual direction
Christopher Marlowe
Contemporary who influenced Shakespeare's trajedies
The Reformation Parliament
Convened for a seven-year session, and passed a flood of legislation that harassed and placed royal reins on the clergy. Established the precedent: Whenever fundamental changes are made in religion, the monarch must consult with and work through the parliament
Schmalkdic League
Defensive alliance formed in response to the Diet of Augsburg's decision. Took the Augsburg Confession as their banner
Ursalines
Established in 1535, it established convents in Italy and France for the religious education of girls from all social classes
Anne Boleyn
Henry VIII's second wife. Gave birth to Elizabeth I
Charles V
Holy Roman Emperor (Catholic) who succeeded Maximilian I
Act of Uniformity
Imposed Thomas Cranmer's "Book of Common Prayer" on all English churches in 1549
Six Articles
Imposed by Henry VIII in 1539, these reaffirmed transubstantiation (bread and wine), denied the Eucharistic cup to the laity (couldn't drink the wine), declared celibate vows inviolable, provided for private masses, and ordered the continuation of oral confession
Act of Succession
Made Anne Boleyn's children legitimate heirs to the throne in 1534
Council of Trent
Met on and off for 20 years - called out simony (making profit out of something sacred) - reaffirmed key doctrines such as the role of good works, the authority of tradition, and Indulgences
Electors
Nine German princes who had the right to elect the Holy Roman Emperor
95 Theses
Posted by Martin Luther against indulgences on the door of Castle Church in Wittenberg (major turning point in history)
Peace of Augsburg
Princely control of religion is now law in the Holy Roman Empire
Anabaptists
Protestants who insisted that only adult baptism conformed to Scripture
Indulgence
Remission on the temporal penalty of punishment in purgatory that remained after sins had been forgiven
Capuchins
Reorganized by the pope in 1528, they sought to return to the original ideals of Saint Francis and became popular among the ordinary people to whom they directed their ministry
Calvinism
Sect of Protestantism that taught predestination and an individual's responsibility to reorder society according to God's plan
Schmalkaldic Articles
Strongly worded Protestant confession drawn up by Luther
Martin Luther
Taught that "faith without charitable service" was wrong; you couldn't just believe and do what you wanted. Fought indulgences and preached that service was to be done selflessly
Henry VIII
The King of England, named "Defender of the Faith" by Pope Leo X for defending the seven sacraments against Luther. Became head of the church in England as well in order to divorce his first wife, Catherine of Aragon
Geneva
The city where John Calvin became powerful
Act of Supremacy
The declaration by parliament in 1534 that Henry VIII, not the pope, was the head of the church in England
Augsburg Confession
The definitive statement of Lutheran belief made in 1530
Predestination
The doctrine that God had foreordained all souls to salvation (the "elect") or damnation. It was especially associated with Calvinism
Somaschi and Barnabites
Worked to repair the moral, spiritual, and physical damage done to people in war-torn Italy
Oratorians
an elite group of clerics devoted to the promotion of religious literature and church music
