Chapter 3 - The Age of Reformation

Spiritual Exercises

A devotional guide written by Ignatius that contained mental and emotional exercises designed to teach one absolute

Antitrinitarians

A group of radical protestants who rejected the Holy Trinity

Canton

A subdivision of a country established for political or administrative purposes

Frederick the Wise

An elector who protected Martin Luther and saved his life and the Protestant movement

Diet of Augsburg

Assembly of Protestant and Catholic representatives called by Charles V to address the growing religious division in the empire during the Reformation. Attempted to order all Lutherans to revert to Catholicism

Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra

Author of "Don Quixote," a satire on the chivalric romances that were popular in Spain.

William Shakespeare

Famous English playwright

Zwingli

First Swedish Protestant leader and leader of the Swiss Reformation

Theatines

Founded in 1524 to groom devout and reform-minded leaders at the higher levels of the church hierarchy. Supported the Counter-Reformation

Ignatius of Loyola

Founder of the Jesuits

Diet of Worms (1521)

German Nobility who gave the Holy Roman Emperor a list of 102 oppressive Church burdens and abuses

Reformation

The sixteenth-century religious movement that sought to reform the Roman Catholic Church and led to the establishment of Protestantism

William Tyndale

Known for translating the New Testament into English

Counter-Reformation

The sixteenth-century reform movement in the Roman Catholic Church in reaction to the Protestant Reformation

Jesuits

Believed that Catholics should deny themselves and submit without question to higher church authority and spiritual direction

Christopher Marlowe

Contemporary who influenced Shakespeare's trajedies

The Reformation Parliament

Convened for a seven-year session, and passed a flood of legislation that harassed and placed royal reins on the clergy. Established the precedent: Whenever fundamental changes are made in religion, the monarch must consult with and work through the parliament

Schmalkdic League

Defensive alliance formed in response to the Diet of Augsburg's decision. Took the Augsburg Confession as their banner

Ursalines

Established in 1535, it established convents in Italy and France for the religious education of girls from all social classes

Anne Boleyn

Henry VIII's second wife. Gave birth to Elizabeth I

Charles V

Holy Roman Emperor (Catholic) who succeeded Maximilian I

Act of Uniformity

Imposed Thomas Cranmer's "Book of Common Prayer" on all English churches in 1549

Six Articles

Imposed by Henry VIII in 1539, these reaffirmed transubstantiation (bread and wine), denied the Eucharistic cup to the laity (couldn't drink the wine), declared celibate vows inviolable, provided for private masses, and ordered the continuation of oral confession

Act of Succession

Made Anne Boleyn's children legitimate heirs to the throne in 1534

Council of Trent

Met on and off for 20 years - called out simony (making profit out of something sacred) - reaffirmed key doctrines such as the role of good works, the authority of tradition, and Indulgences

Electors

Nine German princes who had the right to elect the Holy Roman Emperor

95 Theses

Posted by Martin Luther against indulgences on the door of Castle Church in Wittenberg (major turning point in history)

Peace of Augsburg

Princely control of religion is now law in the Holy Roman Empire

Anabaptists

Protestants who insisted that only adult baptism conformed to Scripture

Indulgence

Remission on the temporal penalty of punishment in purgatory that remained after sins had been forgiven

Capuchins

Reorganized by the pope in 1528, they sought to return to the original ideals of Saint Francis and became popular among the ordinary people to whom they directed their ministry

Calvinism

Sect of Protestantism that taught predestination and an individual's responsibility to reorder society according to God's plan

Schmalkaldic Articles

Strongly worded Protestant confession drawn up by Luther

Martin Luther

Taught that "faith without charitable service" was wrong; you couldn't just believe and do what you wanted. Fought indulgences and preached that service was to be done selflessly

Henry VIII

The King of England, named "Defender of the Faith" by Pope Leo X for defending the seven sacraments against Luther. Became head of the church in England as well in order to divorce his first wife, Catherine of Aragon

Geneva

The city where John Calvin became powerful

Act of Supremacy

The declaration by parliament in 1534 that Henry VIII, not the pope, was the head of the church in England

Augsburg Confession

The definitive statement of Lutheran belief made in 1530

Predestination

The doctrine that God had foreordained all souls to salvation (the "elect") or damnation. It was especially associated with Calvinism

Somaschi and Barnabites

Worked to repair the moral, spiritual, and physical damage done to people in war-torn Italy

Oratorians

an elite group of clerics devoted to the promotion of religious literature and church music