Chapter 33: The Microbe-Human Ecosystem

free

internal tissues are normally _____ of microorganisms

growth factors

Bifidobacterium synthesize amino acids and other _____ _____ from glucose and inorganic sources of nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus

inhibt

Cutibacterium found in hair follicles of the skin, releases fatty acids that _____ pathogens growth

toxic

E. coli found in the Gi tract, produce colicins that are ______ to certain bacteria

more, less

GF mice can eat _____ but gain _____ weight than conventional mice

does not

U.S. FDA _____ _____ regulate probiotic foods and supplements, so claimed health benefits have not been rigorously tested

dry

______ areas are forearm and buttocks

sebaceous

______ areas are forehead, behind the ear, and the back

moist

______ areas are umbilicus, underarms, inguinal and gluteal creases

surface

______ tissues are in contact with the environment and are colonized by various microbes

changes

_______ in microbiota are influenced by genetics, developmental changes, diet, personal hygiene, and life events

all

_______ pathogens are parasites

soluble

________ microbial products cross the blood brain barrier

microbiome

all the genes of the microbiota of your body

microbiota

all the microorganisms that live in and on your body

example

an ______ of mutualism is in the large intestine, some bacteria synthesize vitamin k and b vitamins, which the host can absorb

anoxic

anaerobes become dominant due to the _____ nature of the space between the teeth and gums

disrupt

antibiotics ______ the gut microbial community

microbes

are breathed in, ingested, and picked up on skin

newborns

are colonized by microorganisms from their immediate environment

gum, saliva

as teeth grow, Streptococcus species, which attach to the cheeks and ____ epithelial surfaced and colonizes the _______

gain

bacteria ferment monomers into short chain fatty acids, some of which promote weight ______

allergies

basis of hygiene hypothesis, insufficient exposure to microbes leads to _______

germfree mice

born by cesarean section, raised in a sterile environment

mutualism

both partners benefit

lower

bottle fed infants have a _____ number of Bifidobacteria

oral antibiotics

can inhibit intestinal microbiota, allow overgrowth of toxin producing Clostridium difficile

prebiotic

compounds added to enhance the colonization and positive health benefits of probiotic microbes

duodenum

contains few organisms due to stomach acid, bile, and pancreatic secretions

probiotic

culture of microbes that are ingested to benefit the microbiota and health

unique

each person harbors a _____ set of microbes affected by their environment, diet, medications, and other factors

menstrual cycle

female genital tract has complex microbiota in a state of flux due to the ______

urethra

few microbes are found in distal portions of ______

ileum

flora present becoming similar to that in colon; pH becomes more alkaline

higher

following antibiotics treatment, people are at _______ risk of GI tract infections

symbiotic

foods or supplements that include both a prebiotic and a probiotic

calories

gut microbiota converts food into _____ that we can use

holobionts

hosts and microbes live together and evolve together

protects, covers, prevents, consumes

human microbiome ______ against pathogens, ________ binding sites, _____attachment, and ______ available nutrients

stimulates

human microbiome _______ adaptive immune system

increases

human microbiome aids in digestion by breaking down fiber which ______ nutrients, and produces vitamins like K vitamins

normal

human microbiome project (hmp) was initiated to define ______ populations of microbes in and on human beings

birth

human microbiota begins developing at _____ and changes as we age

initial caretakers

if born by cesarean, babies acquire microbes from their ______

mother

if born vaginally, most of the babys microorganisms come from its ______

dysbiosis

imbalance in the microbiome

lessens

immune system ______ response to many microbes in gut as well as food with regulatory T cells

anaerobic

intestinal tract is colonized by E. coli and Streptococci create an ______ environment in the gut

free

kidneys, ureter, and urinary bladder are normally ______ of microbes

large intestine colon

largest microbial population of body, has metabolic, immunological, and endocrine roles

lower respiratory tract

larynx below the vocal cords, trachea, bronchi, and lungs

skin

many microbes living on _____ neither harmful nor helpful, but obtain food and necessities from host

healthy

microbes are necessary to keep us ______

immune

microbiome impacts the ______ system

dont

most microbes ______ harm us

acidic

most microbes killed by ______ conditions

stomach

most swallowed microorganisms die in _______ or are eliminated in feces

teach

normal microbiota _______ our immune system the difference between harmless and pathogenic bacteria

upper respiratory tract

nostrils, sinuses, pharynx, and oropharynx

parasitism

one organism benefits at the expense of the other

commensalism

one partner benefits, other is unharmed

fluctuations

other gut microbiota change with weight _____

few

relatively ______ microbes are pathogens that cause damage

jejunum

several genera of bacteria

ecosystem

skin and mucous membranes are barriers, but also host complex ______ of microorganisms

quickly, resistant

some microorganisms may survive if they pass through the stomach very _______, or ingested with food particles and are ______ to gastric pH

loss

switching to cows milk or solid food results in a ____ of bifidobacteria

transient microbes

temporarily present and typically unable to multiply on skin

more

the average adult carries about 3x ______ microbial cells than human somatic cells

3

we develop an adultlike community of microbes by age ___

disease

when microbiome is suppressed, pathogens may colonize and cause _______

hours

within ____ of birth, the oral cavity is colonized by microorganisms from the surrounding environment