Chapter 33: The Microbe-Human Ecosystem
free
internal tissues are normally _____ of microorganisms
growth factors
Bifidobacterium synthesize amino acids and other _____ _____ from glucose and inorganic sources of nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus
inhibt
Cutibacterium found in hair follicles of the skin, releases fatty acids that _____ pathogens growth
toxic
E. coli found in the Gi tract, produce colicins that are ______ to certain bacteria
more, less
GF mice can eat _____ but gain _____ weight than conventional mice
does not
U.S. FDA _____ _____ regulate probiotic foods and supplements, so claimed health benefits have not been rigorously tested
dry
______ areas are forearm and buttocks
sebaceous
______ areas are forehead, behind the ear, and the back
moist
______ areas are umbilicus, underarms, inguinal and gluteal creases
surface
______ tissues are in contact with the environment and are colonized by various microbes
changes
_______ in microbiota are influenced by genetics, developmental changes, diet, personal hygiene, and life events
all
_______ pathogens are parasites
soluble
________ microbial products cross the blood brain barrier
microbiome
all the genes of the microbiota of your body
microbiota
all the microorganisms that live in and on your body
example
an ______ of mutualism is in the large intestine, some bacteria synthesize vitamin k and b vitamins, which the host can absorb
anoxic
anaerobes become dominant due to the _____ nature of the space between the teeth and gums
disrupt
antibiotics ______ the gut microbial community
microbes
are breathed in, ingested, and picked up on skin
newborns
are colonized by microorganisms from their immediate environment
gum, saliva
as teeth grow, Streptococcus species, which attach to the cheeks and ____ epithelial surfaced and colonizes the _______
gain
bacteria ferment monomers into short chain fatty acids, some of which promote weight ______
allergies
basis of hygiene hypothesis, insufficient exposure to microbes leads to _______
germfree mice
born by cesarean section, raised in a sterile environment
mutualism
both partners benefit
lower
bottle fed infants have a _____ number of Bifidobacteria
oral antibiotics
can inhibit intestinal microbiota, allow overgrowth of toxin producing Clostridium difficile
prebiotic
compounds added to enhance the colonization and positive health benefits of probiotic microbes
duodenum
contains few organisms due to stomach acid, bile, and pancreatic secretions
probiotic
culture of microbes that are ingested to benefit the microbiota and health
unique
each person harbors a _____ set of microbes affected by their environment, diet, medications, and other factors
menstrual cycle
female genital tract has complex microbiota in a state of flux due to the ______
urethra
few microbes are found in distal portions of ______
ileum
flora present becoming similar to that in colon; pH becomes more alkaline
higher
following antibiotics treatment, people are at _______ risk of GI tract infections
symbiotic
foods or supplements that include both a prebiotic and a probiotic
calories
gut microbiota converts food into _____ that we can use
holobionts
hosts and microbes live together and evolve together
protects, covers, prevents, consumes
human microbiome ______ against pathogens, ________ binding sites, _____attachment, and ______ available nutrients
stimulates
human microbiome _______ adaptive immune system
increases
human microbiome aids in digestion by breaking down fiber which ______ nutrients, and produces vitamins like K vitamins
normal
human microbiome project (hmp) was initiated to define ______ populations of microbes in and on human beings
birth
human microbiota begins developing at _____ and changes as we age
initial caretakers
if born by cesarean, babies acquire microbes from their ______
mother
if born vaginally, most of the babys microorganisms come from its ______
dysbiosis
imbalance in the microbiome
lessens
immune system ______ response to many microbes in gut as well as food with regulatory T cells
anaerobic
intestinal tract is colonized by E. coli and Streptococci create an ______ environment in the gut
free
kidneys, ureter, and urinary bladder are normally ______ of microbes
large intestine colon
largest microbial population of body, has metabolic, immunological, and endocrine roles
lower respiratory tract
larynx below the vocal cords, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
skin
many microbes living on _____ neither harmful nor helpful, but obtain food and necessities from host
healthy
microbes are necessary to keep us ______
immune
microbiome impacts the ______ system
dont
most microbes ______ harm us
acidic
most microbes killed by ______ conditions
stomach
most swallowed microorganisms die in _______ or are eliminated in feces
teach
normal microbiota _______ our immune system the difference between harmless and pathogenic bacteria
upper respiratory tract
nostrils, sinuses, pharynx, and oropharynx
parasitism
one organism benefits at the expense of the other
commensalism
one partner benefits, other is unharmed
fluctuations
other gut microbiota change with weight _____
few
relatively ______ microbes are pathogens that cause damage
jejunum
several genera of bacteria
ecosystem
skin and mucous membranes are barriers, but also host complex ______ of microorganisms
quickly, resistant
some microorganisms may survive if they pass through the stomach very _______, or ingested with food particles and are ______ to gastric pH
loss
switching to cows milk or solid food results in a ____ of bifidobacteria
transient microbes
temporarily present and typically unable to multiply on skin
more
the average adult carries about 3x ______ microbial cells than human somatic cells
3
we develop an adultlike community of microbes by age ___
disease
when microbiome is suppressed, pathogens may colonize and cause _______
hours
within ____ of birth, the oral cavity is colonized by microorganisms from the surrounding environment