Chapter 35

Juan Batista Somoza

Another rebellion leader; Caputred the Governor of Texas; Delcares himself Governor of Texas, was Governor for only 39 days; Gets captured.

Guomindang

Chinese Nationalist party founded by Sun Yat-sen in 1919; drew support from local warlords and Chinese criminal underworld; initially forged alliance with Communists in 1924; dominated by Chiang Kai-shek after 1925.

Sun Yatsen

Chinese physician and political leader who aimed to transform China with patriotic, democratic, and economically progressive reforms.

Getulio Vargas

Dictator of Brazil from 1930 to 1945 and from 1951 to 1954. Defeated in the presidential election of 1930, he overthrew the government and created Estado Novo, a dictatorship that emphasized industrialization.

Dollar Diplomacy

Foreign policy created under President Taft that had the U.S. exchanging financial support for the right to "help" countries make decisions about trade and other commercial ventures. Basically it was exchanging money for political influence in Latin America and the Caribbean.

Standard Oil Company

Founded by John D. Rockefeller. Largest unit in the American oil industry in 1881. Known as A.D. Trust, it was outlawed by the Supreme Court of Ohio in 1899. Replaced by the Standard Oil Company of New Jersey.

Good Neighbor Policy

Franklin D. Roosevelt policy in which the U.S. pledged that the U.S. would no longer intervene in the internal affairs of Latin American countries. This reversed Teddy Roosevelt's Big Stick Policy.

Chiquita Banana

Fruit version of carmen and tried to show that the united fruit companies neocolonialism wasnt negative.

Government of India Act

Gandhi's efforts paid off when Parliament passed this act. It was the last pre-independence constitution of the British Raj. India was granted self-government and limited elections. Additionally, it was a major step toward Indian independence which would come in 1947. Also fueled tensions between Muslims and Hindus as both groups vied for power.

Government of India Act

Gandhi's efforts paid off when Parliament passed this act. It was the last pre-independence constitution of the British Raj. India was granted self-government and limited elections. The right to vote was increased from 7 million to 35 million. Additionally, it was a major step toward Indian independence which would come in 1947. Also fueled tensions between Muslims and Hindus as both groups vied for power.

Mahatma Gandhi

Great revolutionary who led India to independence from Great Britain through passive resistance and civil disobedience based upon Henry David Thoreau's doctrines.

Muhammad Ali Jinnah

Indian Muslim politician who founded the state of Pakistan. He joined the All-India Muslim League in 1913. As leader of the League from the 1920s on, he negotiated with the British/INC for Muslim Political Rights.

Long March

The 6,000-mile flight of Chinese Communists from southeastern to northwestern China. The Communists, led by Mao Zedong, were pursued by the Chinese army under orders from Chiang Kai-shek.

Amritsar Massacre

The Amritsar Massacre occurred in 1919. British soldiers fired upon a group of nonviolent, Indian protestors killing men, women and children in the crowd. Amritsar marked a turning point in the Indian independence movement.

Maoism

The theory and practice of Marxism-Leninism developed in China by Mao Zedong, which states that a continuous revolution is necessary if the leaders of a communist state are to keep in touch with the people.

Jiang Jieshi

(1887-1975) Leader of the Guomindang, or Nationalist Party in China. Fought to keep China from becoming communist, and to resist the Japanese during World War II. He lost control of China in 1949, and fled to Taiwan where he setup a rival government. Also known as Chang Kai Shek.

Mao Zedong

(1893-1976) Leader of the Communist Party in China that overthrew Jiang Jieshi and the Nationalists. Established China as the People's Republic of China and ruled from 1949 until 1976.

Mukden Incident

1931 Japanese soldiers disguised as Chinese attack a Japanese railway; used this as excuse to invade Manchuria.

Long March

1934-1935. In 1927, Chiang turned on the CPC and relentlessly chased the CPC armies and its leaders from their bases in southern and eastern China. The Long March was desperate flight by the communists over mountains, swamplands, rivers, and deserts by the Communist. The Long March began Mao Zedong's ascent to power, whose leadership during the retreat gained him the support of the members of the party. The bitter struggles of the Long March, which was completed by only about one-tenth of the force that started out initially, would come to represent a significant episode in the history of the Communist Party of China, and would seal the personal prestige of Mao and his supporters as the new leaders of the party in the following decades.

Ahimsa

A Buddhist and Hindu and especially Jainist doctrine holding that all forms of life are sacred and urging the avoidance of violence.

Pakistan

A country that was created after the Independence of India that was composed of all the country's Muslims. This was a move opposed by Gandhi, but was done so as to prevent fighting and segregation within India.

Indian National Congress

A movement and political party founded in 1885 to demand greater Indian participation in government. Its membership was middle class, and its demands were modest until World War I. Led after 1920 by Mohandas K. Gandhi, appealing to the poor.

Non-Cooperation

A movement by Gandhi where he encouraged Indian people to not cooperate with British forces but not be violent with them either.

May Fourth Movement

A national protest in China in 1919, in which people demonstrated against the Treaty of Versailles and foreign interference.

Jomo Kenyatta

A nationalist leader who fought to end oppressive laws against Africans; later became the first Prime Minister of Kenya.

Diego Rivera

A prominent artist who was hired by the government to created murals and paintings emphasizing Mexcian culture and people.

May 4th Movement

Acceptance at Versailles of Japanese gains in China during World War I led to demonstrations and the beginning of a movement to create a liberal democracy.

Marcus Garvey

African American leader durin the 1920s who founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and advocated mass migration of African Americans back to Africa. Was deported to Jamaica in 1927.

Japanese Invasion of Manchuria

Japan seized manchuria because japanese believed that japans empire should be equal to the size of the western powers empire.

Civil Disobedience Movement

Launched by Gandhi, with the salt march to the sea to oppose British taxes, the Civil Disobedience Movement became the most significant organized chalenge to British authority since the non-cooperation movement of 1920-22.

"Land and Liberty"

Many settlers were attracted to the colonies by the opportunity to acquire land. They saw land ownership as the basis of liberty. Those who could acquire enough land could enjoy the rewards of their labor and gained the right to vote.

Cardenas

Mexican president (1934-1940); responsible for large land redistribution to create communal farms; also began program of primary and rural education.

Pancho Villa

Mexican revolutionary leader (1877-1923) Did many good things, but killed a lot of people. Wanted to take money from the rich and give it to the poor.

United Fruit Company

Most important foreign economic concern in Guatemala during the 20th century; attempted land reform aimed at United Fruit caused U.S. intervention in Guatemalan politics leading to ouster of reform government in 1954.

Cesar Sandino

Nicaraguan revolutionary and leader of a rebellion against the U.S. military presence in Nicaragua between 1927 and 1933.

Pan-Africanism

Philosophy based on the belief that Africans share common bonds and are a unified people. Adopted this to break from colonial rule.

Socialist Party

Political parties formed in the unity of an international organization with a set beliefs inspired by the writings of Karl Marx. They desired economic and political philosophy favoring public or government control of property and income. Their goal was to end the capitalist system, distribute wealth more equally, and nationalize American industries.

Emiliano Zapata

Revolutionary and leader of peasants in the Mexican Revolution. He mobilized landless peasants in south-central Mexico in an attempt to seize and divide the lands of the wealthy landowners. Though successful for a time, he was ultimately defeated and assassinated.

FDR

Roosevelt, the President of the United States during the Depression and WWII. He instituted the New Deal. Served from 1933 to 1945, he was the only president in U.S. history to be elected to four terms.

Muslim League

an organization formed in 1906 to protect the interests of India's Muslims, which later proposed that India be divided into separate Muslim and Hindu nations.