Chapter 35, Chapter 36, Chapter 32, Chapter 33, Chapter 34

______ are the simplest animals with bilateral symmetry. a. Flatworms b. Sponges c. Annelids d. Roundworms e. Cnidarians

a. Flatworms

What characteristic is unique to echinoderms? a. a water vascular system b. a lack of segmentation c. a true coelom that forms from the digestive tube d. larvae with bilateral symmetry e. suction-cup-like feet

a. a water vascular system

Which of the following best describes the condition in which the terminal bud of many plants produces hormones that inhibit growth of axillary buds? a. apical dominance b. cortical influence c. internodal persistence d. axial dominance e. foliage determination

a. apical dominance

Organisms that are neither coelomate nor pseudocoelomate should, apart from their digestive systems, have bodies that a. are solid with tissue. b. lack true tissues. c. lack the ability to metabolize food. d. lack mesodermally derived tissues. e. are incapable of muscular contraction.

a. are solid with tissue.

There are more species of ______ than of any other type of animal. a. arthropods b. nematodes c. molluscs d. chordates e. annelids

a. arthropods

All of the following cell types are correctly matched with their functions except a. parenchyma cell-formation of secondary xylem and phloem. b. guard cell-regulation of transpiration. c. sieve-tube member-translocation. d. vessel element-water transport. e. mesophyll-photosynthesis.

a. parenchyma cell-formation of secondary xylem and phloem.

Which part of a plant absorbs most of the water and minerals taken up from the soil? a. root hairs b. the thick parts of the roots near the base of the stem c. taproots d. sections of the root that have secondary xylem e. storage roots

a. root hairs

What permits reptiles to thrive in arid environments? a. A cartilaginous endoskeleton provides needed flexibility for locomotion on sand. b. Their scales contain the protein keratin, which helps prevent dehydration. c. Their bright coloration reflects the intense UV radiation. d. A large number of prey and a limited number of predators are available in the desert. e. They have an acute sense of sight, especially in bright sunlight.

b. Their scales contain the protein keratin, which helps prevent dehydration.

________ is to xylem as ________ is to phloem. a. Cortex; pith b. Vessel element; sieve-tube member c. Vascular cambium; cork cambium Sclerenchyma cell; collenchyma cell Apical meristem; vascular cambium

b. Vessel element; sieve-tube member

Nearly all ______ are aquatic. a. millipedes b. crustaceans c. arachnids d. centipedes e. insects

b. crustaceans

A new species of aquatic chordate is discovered that closely resembles an ancient form. It has the following characteristics: external armor of bony plates, no paired lateral fins, and a suspension-feeding mode of nutrition. In addition to these, it will probably have which of the following characteristics? a. legs b. no jaws c. hair and mammary glands d. an amniotic egg e. endothermy

b. no jaws

Which of the following is correctly associated with sponges? a. cnidocytes b. osculum c. muscle cells and nerve cells d. body cavity e. spicules made of chitin

b. osculum

______ are the most diverse group of arthropods. a. Millipedes b. Arachnids c. Insects d. Crustaceans e. Centipedes

c. Insects

Which of the following are sugar-transporting cells in angiosperms? a. sclerenchyma cells b. tracheids and vessel elements c. sieve-tube elements d. collenchyma cells e. parenchyma cells

c. sieve-tube elements

Which of the following is derived from the ground tissue system? a. periderm b. root hairs c. phloem d. cuticle e. pith

e. pith

Which of the following is a characteristic of adult echinoderms? a. spiral cleavage b. gastrovascular cavity c. exoskeleton d. lophophore e. secondary radial symmetry

e. secondary radial symmetry

Among the invertebrate phyla, phylum Arthropoda is unique in possessing members that have a. a cuticle. b. a ventral nerve cord. c. open circulation. d. segmented bodies. e. wings.

e. wings.

The term vertebrate indicates that an animal has a a. backbone b. endoskeleton c. pharyngeal slit d. notochord e. true coelom

a. backbone

At which developmental stage should one be able to first distinguish a protostome embryo from a deuterostome embryo? a. cleavage b. fertilization c. gastrulation d. coelom formation e. metamorphosis

a. cleavage

Which structure is incorrectly paired with its tissue system? a. companion cell—ground tissue b. guard cell—dermal tissue c. palisade parenchyma—ground tissue d. tracheid—vascular tissue e. root hair—dermal tissue

a. companion cell—ground tissue

At which developmental stage should one be able to first distinguish a diploblastic embryo from a triploblastic embryo? Correct Answer a. gastrulation b. metamorphosis c. cleavage d. coelom formation e. fertilization

a. gastrulation

The blastopore is a structure that first becomes evident during a. gastrulation. b. fertilization. c. the eight-cell stage of the embryo. d. coelom formation. e. cleavage.

a. gastrulation.

Which of the following describes the sites of leaf attachment in a stem? a. nodes b. internodes c. runners d. cotyledons e. joints

a. nodes

Which phylum is characterized by animals that have a segmented body? a. Platyhelminthes b. Arthropoda c. Mollusca d. Porifera e. Cnidaria

b. Arthropoda

_____ are the mammalian group that lacks a placenta and lays eggs. a. Eutherians b. Monotremes c. Marsupials d. Primates e. Tunicates

b. Monotremes

What characteristic is unique to echinoderms? a. larvae with bilateral symmetry and adults with radial symmetry b. a water vascular system with tube feet c. a lack of segmentation d. a true coelom that forms from the digestive tube e. suction-cup-like feet

b. a water vascular system with tube feet

Which of the following is the waxy coating secreted on leaves and most stems? a. suberin b. cuticle c. epidermis d. lignin e. endodermis

b. cuticle

Which of the following is the main site of photosynthesis in a typical leaf? a. endodermis b. epidermis Correct Answer c. mesophyll d. pith e. xylem

c. mesophyll

Plants contain meristems whose major function is to a. produce flowers. b. photosynthesize. c. produce more cells. d. attract pollinators. e. absorb ions.

c. produce more cells.

Characteristics shared by both reptiles and birds include ______. a. being endothermic b. the lateral line system c. the amniotic egg d. feathers e. being ectothermic

c. the amniotic egg

An adult animal that possesses bilateral symmetry is most certainly also a. eucoelomate. b. highly cephalized. c. triploblastic. d. a deuterostome.

c. triploblastic.

Almost every element of bird anatomy is modified for what? a. singing unique songs b. laying eggs c. being brightly colored d. enhancement of flight e. eating seeds

d. enhancement of flight

A terrestrial mollusc without a shell belongs to which clade? a. chitons b. bivalves c. cephalopods d. gastropods

d. gastropods

A(n) ______ is an example of a mollusc that does not have a shell. a. snail b. oyster c. squid d. octopus e. clam

d. octopus

Which of these is not considered an amniote? a. nonbird reptiles b. egg-laying mammals c. placental mammals d. birds e. amphibians

e. amphibians

An example of a sugar sink is a _____. a. leaf b. node c. flower d. stem e. fruit

e. fruit

Which molluscan class includes terrestrial organisms that have spiral shells? a. chitons b. cephalopods c. bivalves d. arthropods e. gastropods

e. gastropods

What does the term tetrapod mean? a. egg-laying b. descended from fish c. apelike d. leading a double life e. having four limbs

e. having four limbs

Which of the following weather conditions would cause transpiration to be most rapid? a. rainy weather b. cold, humid weather c. windy, wet weather d. hot, humid weather e. hot, dry weather

e. hot, dry weather

Root hairs are most important to a plant because they a. provide a habitat for nitrogen-fixing bacteria. b. anchor a plant in the soil. c. contain xylem tissue. d. store starches. e. increase the surface area for absorption.

e. increase the surface area for absorption.

Which living chordates are postulated to be most like the earliest chordates in appearance? a. adult tunicates b. reptiles c. chondrichthyans d. amphibians e. lancelets

e. lancelets

Which group may have gave rise to amphibians? a. jawless fishes b. ray-finned fishes c. cartilaginous fishes d. starfishes e. lobe-finned fishes

e. lobe-finned fishes

Which vertebrate group below includes three major types: egg-laying, pouched, and placental? a. nonbird reptiles b. amphibians c. birds d. chondrichthyans e. mammals

e. mammals

Which vertebrate group below has internal fertilization, amniotic egg, skin that resists drying, and heavy bones? a. amphibians b. birds c. chondrichthyans d. mammals e. nonbird reptiles

e. nonbird reptiles

Which of the following is the connection between the stem and leaf blade? a. tuber b.runner c.rhizome d. cladophyll e. petiole

e. petiole

What effect does pruning back the top have on a houseplant? a. increases the flow of auxin down the shoot b. inhibits the growth of lateral buds c. produces a plant that will grow taller d. increases apical dominance e. produces a plant that will grow fuller

e. produces a plant that will grow fuller

The simplest animals to have a complete digestive tract are ______. a. cnidarians b. molluscs c. annelids d. platyhelminthes e. roundworms

e. roundworms

Pores on the leaf surface that function in gas exchange are called a. phloem cells. b. hairs. c. xylem cells. d. sclereids. e. stomata.

e. stomata.

Chordate pharyngeal slits appear to have functioned first as a. gill slits for respiration. b. the digestive system's opening. c. components of the jaw. d. portions of the inner ear. e. suspension-feeding devices.

e. suspension-feeding devices.

All of the following are plant adaptations to life on land except a. tracheids and vessels. b. parenchyma. c. cuticle. d. root hairs. e. the Calvin cycle of photosynthesis.

e. the Calvin cycle of photosynthesis.

What regulates the flow of water through the xylem? a. the number of companion cells in the phloem b. active transport by sieve-tube members c. passive transport by the endodermis d. active transport by tracheid and vessel elements. e. the evaporation of water from the leaves

e. the evaporation of water from the leaves

Which of the following best describes transpiration? a. the loss of oxygen from a plant b. produces a positive gradient for water flow c. another term for bulk flow movement of water in a plant d. another term for evaporation e. the loss of water from plant leaves through evaporation

e. the loss of water from plant leaves through evaporation

Which of the following mechanisms best explains how xylem sap moves up against the downward pull of gravity? a. adhesion-tension-diffusion of oxygen b. glucose pumping-adhesion-tension mechanism c. rapid diffusion of glucose-transpiration d. reverse osmosis-adhesion-transpiration e. transpiration-cohesion-tension mechanism

e. transpiration-cohesion-tension mechanism

The most ancient branch point in animal phylogeny is that between having a. diploblastic or triploblastic embryos. b. a well-defined head or no head. c. radial or bilateral symmetry. d. a body cavity or no body cavity. e. true tissues or no tissues.

e. true tissues or no tissues.

Fossil evidence indicates that the following events occurred in what sequence, from earliest to most recent? 1. Protostomes invade terrestrial environments. 2. Cambrian explosion occurs. 3. Deuterostomes invade terrestrial environments. 4. Vertebrates become top predators in the seas. a. 2 → 4 → 1 → 3 b. 2 → 1 → 3 → 4 c. 2 → 1 → 4 → 3 d. 2 → 3 → 1 → 4 e. 2 → 4 → 3 → 1

a. 2 → 4 → 1 → 3

With the current molecular-based phylogeny in mind, rank the following from most inclusive to least inclusive. 1. ecdysozoan 2. protostome 3. eumetazoan 4. triploblastic a. 3, 4, 2, 1 b. 4, 2, 3, 1 c. 4, 3, 1, 2 d. 3, 4, 1, 2 e. 4, 3, 2, 1

a. 3, 4, 2, 1

Protostomes that have a closed circulatory system and obvious segmentation are part of which phylum? a. Annelida b. Mollusca c. Cnidaria d.Echinodermata e. Arthropoda

a. Annelida

Protostomes that have an open circulatory system and an exoskeleton of chitin are part of which phylum? a. Arthropoda b. Echinodermata c. Annelida d. Mollusca e. Cnidaria

a. Arthropoda

A radially symmetrical animal that has two embryonic tissue layers probably belongs to which phylum? a. Cnidaria b. Platyhelminthes c. Echinodermata d. Porifera e. Nematoda

a. Cnidaria

______ have radial symmetry. a. Cnidarians b. Flatworms c. Annelids d. Roundworms e. Sponges

a. Cnidarians

Deuterostomes that have an endoskeleton are part of which phylum? a. Echinodermata b. Cnidaria c. Annelida d. Mollusca e. Arthropoda

a. Echinodermata

Which of these exhibits radial symmetry? a. Ferris wheel b. butterfly c. automobile d. spoon e. shoe box

a. Ferris wheel

Which of these species was the first to have some members migrate out of Africa? a. H. erectus b. H. sapiens c. H. habilis d. Australopithecus garhi e. H. ergaster

a. H. erectus

Which of the following is a characteristic of all chordates? a. They all have a notochord. b. They all have a pseudocoelom. c. They all have vertebral columns. d. They all exhibit radial symmetry. e. They all have an exoskeleton.

a. They all have a notochord.

Which of the following is a characteristic of nematodes? a. They have only longitudinal muscles. b. They have a gastrovascular cavity. c. They have a true coelom. d. Many species are diploblastic. e. All species can be characterized as scavengers.

a. They have only longitudinal muscles.

Plants do not have a circulatory system like that of some animals. If a given water molecule did "circulate" (that is, go from one point in a plant to another and back), it would require the activity of a. both the xylem and the phloem. b. only the phloem. c. both the xylem and the endodermis. d. only the xylem. e. only the endodermis.

a. both the xylem and the phloem.

The arthropod exoskeleton is composed of ______. a. chitin b. salicylic acid c. peptidoglycan d. cellulose e. glycogen

a. chitin

In terms of food capture, which sponge cell is most similar to the cnidocyte of a cnidarian? a. choanocyte b. amoebocyte c. epidermal cell d. pore cell

a. choanocyte

Which of the following describes the spaces in between the sites of leaf attachment in a stem? a. internodes b. cotyledons c. nodes d. joints e. runners

a. internodes

Which of the following has the lowest (most negative) water potential? a. leaf air spaces b. trunk xylem c. root xylem d. leaf cell walls e. soil

a. leaf air spaces

What is the name given to the process by which a larva develops into an adult? a. metamorphosis b. neurulation c. organogenesis d. gastrulation e. morphogenesis

a. metamorphosis

Which of the following is (are) unique to animals? a. nervous conduction and muscular movement b. cells that have mitochondria c. mulitcellularity d. the structural carbohydrate, chitin e. heterotrophy

a. nervous conduction and muscular movement

Why is the discovery of the fossil Archaeopteryx significant? It supports the a. phylogenetic relatedness of birds and reptiles. b. claim that some dinosaurs had feathers well before birds had evolved. c. idea that the first birds were ratites. d. contention that birds are much older than we originally thought. e. hypothesis that the earliest birds were ectothermic.

a. phylogenetic relatedness of birds and reptiles.

According to the pressure flow hypothesis of phloem transport, a. solute moves from a high concentration in the "source" to a lower concentration in the "sink." b. the pressure in the phloem of a root is normally greater than the pressure in the phloem of a leaf. c. the formation of starch from sugar in the "sink" increases the osmotic concentration. d. water is actively transported into the "source" region of the phloem to create the turgor pressure needed. e. the combination of a high turgor pressure in the "source" and transpiration water loss from the "sink" moves solutes through phloem conduits.

a. solute moves from a high concentration in the "source" to a lower concentration in the "sink."

Photosynthesis begins to decline when leaves wilt because a. stomata close, restricting CO2 entry into the leaf. b. wilted leaves cannot absorb the red and blue wavelengths of light. c. chloroplasts within wilted leaves are incapable of photosynthesis. d. there is insufficient water for photolysis during the light reactions. e. CO2 accumulates in the leaves and inhibits the enzymes needed for photosynthesis.

a. stomata close, restricting CO2 entry into the leaf.

Water flows into the source end of a sieve tube because a. sucrose has been actively transported into the sieve tube, making it hypertonic. b. water pressure outside the sieve tube forces in water. c. the companion cell of a sieve tube actively pumps in water. d. sucrose has been dumped from the sieve tube by active transport. e. sucrose has diffused into the sieve tube, making it hypertonic.

a. sucrose has been actively transported into the sieve tube, making it hypertonic.

In what way is a sponge similar to a cnidarian? a. Both use stinging cells to trap prey. b. Both have a saclike body plan. c. Neither has true tissues. d. Both have bilateral symmetry. e. Both have a sessile polyp form and a mobile medusa form.

b. Both have a saclike body plan.

Many of which of the following annelid classes are parasites? a. Oligochaeta b. Hirudinea (leeches) c. Polychaeta d. all three of these e. two of these

b. Hirudinea (leeches)

The heartworms that can accumulate within the hearts of dogs and other mammals have a pseudocoelom, an alimentary canal, and an outer covering that is occasionally shed. To which phylum does the heartworm belong? a. Platyhelminthes b. Nematoda c. Arthropoda d. Annelida e. Acoela

b. Nematoda

Which animals have a cylindrical body that is tapered at both ends? a. Annelids b. Roundworms c. Cnidarians d. Molluscs e. Platyhelminthes

b. Roundworms

How do sponges differ from all other animals? a. Sponges exhibit radial symmetry. b. Sponges lack true tissues. c. Sponges have a true coelom. d. Sponges lack a true body cavity. e. Sponges are autotrophs.

b. Sponges lack true tissues.

Which of these statements accurately describes a similarity between sharks and ray-finned fishes? a. The skin is typically covered by flattened bony scales. b. They have a lateral line that is sensitive to changes in water pressure. c. A swim bladder helps control buoyancy. d. They are equally able to exchange gases with the environment while stationary. e. They are highly maneuverable due to their flexibility.

b. They have a lateral line that is sensitive to changes in water pressure.

Which of the following is a characteristic of nematodes? a. They have a true coelom. b. They have only longitudinal muscles. c. Many species are diploblastic. d. They have a gastrovascular cavity. e. All species can be characterized either as scavengers or as decomposers.

b. They have only longitudinal muscles.

Which of the following is true of members of the phylum Cnidaria? a. They are not capable of locomotion because they lack true muscle tissue. b. They may use a gastrovascular cavity as a hydrostatic skeleton. c. They have either, or both, of two body forms: mobile polyps and sessile medusae. d. They are primarily filter feeders. e. They are the simplest organisms with a complete alimentary canal (two openings).

b. They may use a gastrovascular cavity as a hydrostatic skeleton.

In a tide pool, a student encounters an organism with a hard outer covering that contains much calcium carbonate, an open circulatory system, and gills. The organism could potentially be a crab, a shrimp, a barnacle, or a bivalve. The presence of which of the following structures would allow for the most certain identification of the organism? a. eyes b. a mantle c. a filter-feeding apparatus d. a heart e. a body cavity

b. a mantle

Which of these hominin traits seems to have occurred before the others? a. symbolic thought b. bipedalism c. tool use d. increased brain size e. language

b. bipedalism

Sharks are a type of ______. a. agnathan b. cartilaginous fish c. tunicate d. lungfish e. bony fish

b. cartilaginous fish

Which of the following is a shared characteristic of all chordates? a. scales b. dorsal, hollow nerve cord c. four-chambered heart d. jaws e. vertebrae

b. dorsal, hollow nerve cord

Which of these animals exhibits segmentation? a. jelly b. grasshopper c. roundworms d. sponge e. flatworms

b. grasshopper

What distinguishes a coelomate animal from a pseudocoelomate animal is that coelomates a. have a complete digestive system with mouth and anus, whereas pseudocoelomates have a digestive tract with only one opening. b. have a body cavity completely lined by mesodermal tissue, whereas pseudocoelomates do not. c. have a gut that lacks suspension within the body cavity, whereas pseudocoelomates have mesenteries that hold the digestive system in place. d. have a body cavity, whereas pseudocoelomates have a solid body. e. contain tissues derived from mesoderm, whereas pseudocoelomates have no such tissue.

b. have a body cavity completely lined by mesodermal tissue, whereas pseudocoelomates do not.

Flatworms are similar to cnidarians in that both ______. a. have pseudocoeloms b. have true tissues c. include many parasitic species d. lack a gastrovascular cavity e. exhibit bilateral symmetry

b. have true tissues

A(n) ______ is an example of an invertebrate chordate. a. snake b. lancelet c. bird d. fish e. echinoderm

b. lancelet

Which of the following has the lowest (most negative) water potential? a. root cortical cells b. leaf air spaces c. root xylem d. leaf cell walls e. trunk xylem

b. leaf air spaces

Phloem transport of sucrose can be described as going from "source to sink." Which of the following would not normally function as a sink? a. storage organ in summer b. mature leaf c. shoot tip d. growing root e. growing leaf

b. mature leaf

Land plants are composed of all the following tissue types except a. vascular. b. mesodermal. c. pith ground tissue. d. dermal. e. cortex ground tissue.

b. mesodermal.

According to the evidence collected so far, the animal kingdom is a. multiphyletic. b. monophyletic. c. euphyletic. d. paraphyletic. e. polyphyletic.

b. monophyletic.

According to the evidence collected so far, the animal kingdom is a. paraphyletic. b. monophyletic. c. multiphyletic. d. polyphyletic. e. euphyletic.

b. monophyletic.

Planarians lack dedicated respiratory and circulatory systems because a. their flame bulbs can carry out respiratory and circulatory functions. b. none of their cells are far removed from the gastrovascular cavity or from the external environment. c. they lack mesoderm as embryos and, therefore, lack the adult tissues derived from mesoderm. d. their body cavity, a pseudocoelom, carries out these functions.

b. none of their cells are far removed from the gastrovascular cavity or from the external environment.

A student examining leaf cross sections under a microscope finds many loosely packed cells with relatively thin cell walls. The cells have numerous chloroplasts. What type of cells are these? a. collenchyma b. parenchyma c. xylem d. endodermis e. sclerenchyma

b. parenchyma

What is one characteristic that separates chordates from all other animals? a. true coelom b. post-anal tail c. blastopore, which becomes the anus d. segmentation e. bilateral symmetry

b. post-anal tail

Which of the following have thick, lignified walls that help support mature, nongrowing parts of the plant? a. tracheids and vessel elements b. sclerenchyma cells c. collenchyma cells d. parenchyma cells e. sieve-tube elements

b. sclerenchyma cells

What is characteristic of all ecdysozoans? a. agile, speedy, and powerful locomotion b. some kind of exoskeleton, or hard outer covering c. the deuterostome condition d. a pseudocoelom e. the diploblastic condition

b. some kind of exoskeleton, or hard outer covering

A characteristic of arthropods that has allowed for their great success is the presence of ______. a. an endoskeleton b. specialized segments c. brain d. bilateral symmetry e. a coelom

b. specialized segments

Which of the following is descriptive of protostomes? a. radial and determinate cleavage, blastopore becomes mouth b. spiral and determinate cleavage, blastopore becomes mouth c. spiral and determinate cleavage, blastopore becomes anus d. radial and determinate cleavage, blastopore becomes anus e. spiral and indeterminate cleavage, blastopore becomes mouth

b. spiral and determinate cleavage, blastopore becomes mouth

CO2 enters the inner the inner spaces of the leaf through the a. epidermal trichomes. b. stomata. c. phloem. d. walls of guard cells. e. cuticle.

b. stomata.

Which of the following belongs to the lobe-fin clade? a. chondrichthyans b. tetrapods c. hagfishes d. lampreys e. ray-finned fishes

b. tetrapods

A water molecule could move all the way through a plant from soil to root to leaf to air and pass through a living cell only once. This living cell would be a part of which structure? a. the Casparian strip b. the endodermis c. a guard cell d. the root cortex e. the root epidermis

b. the endodermis

There is evidence that ray-finned fishes evolved a. directly from lancelets. b. the swim bladder from a lung. c. in response to a crisis that wiped out the chondrichthyans. d. directly from lampreys and hagfish. e. early in the Cambrian period.

b. the swim bladder from a lung.

Which of the following are characteristics of the phylum Cnidaria? 1. a gastrovascular cavity 2. a polyp stage 3. a medusa stage 4. cnidocytes 5. a pseudocoelom a. 2 and 3 b. 2, 3, and 4 c. 1, 2, 3, and 4 d. 1 and 4 e. all five of these

c. 1, 2, 3, and 4

Which of the following are characteristics of arthropods? 1. protostome development 2. bilateral symmetry 3. a pseudocoelom 4. three embryonic germ layers 5. a closed circulatory system a. 3, 4, and 5 b. 1 and 2 c. 1, 2, and 4 d. 2, 3, and 5 e. 2 and 3

c. 1, 2, and 4

What is the probable sequence in which the following clades of animals originated, from earliest to most recent? 1. tetrapods 2. vertebrates 3. deuterostomes 4. amniotes 5. bilaterians a. 5 → 3 → 4 → 2 → 1 b. 3 → 5 → 2 → 1 → 4 c. 5 → 3 → 2 → 1 → 4 d. 5 → 3 → 2 → 4 → 1 e. 3 → 5 → 4 → 2 → 1

c. 5 → 3 → 2 → 1 → 4

Which of the following is a diploblastic phylum of aquatic predators? a. Annelida b. Echinodermata c. Cnidaria d. Arthropoda e. Mollusca

c. Cnidaria

Which of these species was the first to have some members migrate out of Africa? a. H. ergaster b. H. sapiens c. H. erectus d. H. habilis e. H. heidelbergensis

c. H. erectus

Which of these species was the first to craft stone tools? a. H. heidelbergensis b. H. sapiens c. H. habilis d. H. ergaster e. H. erectus

c. H. habilis

Why is the amniotic egg considered an important evolutionary breakthrough? a. It permits internal fertilization to be replaced by external fertilization. b. It has a shell that increases gas exchange. c. It allows incubation of eggs in a terrestrial environment. d. It provides insulation to conserve heat. e. It prolongs embryonic development.

c. It allows incubation of eggs in a terrestrial environment.

A student observes a worm-like organism crawling about on dead organic matter. Later, the organism sheds its outer covering. One possibility is that the organism is a larval insect (like a maggot). On the other hand, it might be a member of which phylum, and one way to distinguish between the two possibilities is by looking for the presence of a. Nematoda; an alimentary canal. b. Annelida; a body cavity. c. Nematoda; a circulatory system. d. Platyhelminthes; a cuticle of chitin. e. Annelida; muscle in the body wall.

c. Nematoda; a circulatory system.

Of the annelid classes below, which includes earthworms that make castings that are agriculturally important? a. Hirudinea (leeches) b. Polychaeta c. Oligochaeta d. all three of these e. two of these

c. Oligochaeta

Water rises in plants primarily by the cohesion-tension model. Which of the following is not true about this model? a. Cohesion represents the tendency for water molecules to stick together by hydrogen bonds. b. The water potential of the air is more negative than the xylem. c. The "tension" of this model represents the excitability of the xylem cells. d. Water loss (transpiration) is the driving force for water movement. e. The physical forces in the capillary-sized xylem cells make it easier to overcome gravity.

c. The "tension" of this model represents the excitability of the xylem cells.

Which of the following is true of members of the phylum Cnidaria? a. They have either or both of two body forms: mobile polyps and sessile medusae. b. They are the simplest organisms with a complete alimentary canal (two openings). c. They may use a gastrovascular cavity as a hydrostatic skeleton. d. They are primarily filter feeders. e. They are not capable of locomotion because they lack true muscle tissue.

c. They may use a gastrovascular cavity as a hydrostatic skeleton.

Which of the following describe(s) echinoderms? a. They have an exoskeleton of hard calcareous plates. b. They are found in both freshwater and saltwater environments. c. Tubefeet provide motility in most species. d. Digestion occurs completely outside of the organism. e. Hemolymph circulates in the water vascular system.

c. Tubefeet provide motility in most species

__________ is to xylem as __________ is to phloem. a. Vascular cambium; cork cambium b. Sclerenchyma cell; parenchyma cell c. Vessel element; sieve-tube member d. Apical meristem; vascular cambium e. Cortex; pith

c. Vessel element; sieve-tube member

What is a distinctive feature of the chondrichthyans? a. an amniotic egg b. an acute sense of vision that includes the ability to distinguish colors c. a mostly cartilaginous endoskeleton d. unpaired fins e. lack of jaws

c. a mostly cartilaginous endoskeleton

Vertebrates and tunicates share a. jaws adapted for feeding. b. an endoskeleton that includes a skull. c. a notochord and a dorsal, hollow nerve cord. d. a high degree of cephalization. e. the formation of structures from the neural crest.

c. a notochord and a dorsal, hollow nerve cord.

One important difference between the anatomy of roots and the anatomy of leaves is that a. only leaves have phloem and only roots have xylem. b. leaves have epidermal tissue but roots do not. c. a waxy cuticle covers leaves but is absent from roots. d. vascular tissue is found in roots but is absent from leaves. e. root cells have cell walls and leaf cells do not.

c. a waxy cuticle covers leaves but is absent from roots.

Cephalization is primarily associated with a. method of reproduction. b. adaptation to dark environments. c. bilateral symmetry. d. type of digestive system. e. fate of the blastopore.

c. bilateral symmetry.

All of the following normally enter the plant through the roots except a. water. b. calcium. c. carbon dioxide. d. potassium. e. nitrogen.

c. carbon dioxide.

A true coelom is ______. a. formed when a larva undergoes metamorphosis b. completely lined with tissue derived from ectoderm c. completely lined with tissue derived from mesoderm d. formed when a zygote develops into a blastula e. completely lined with tissue derived from endoderm

c. completely lined with tissue derived from mesoderm

Cephalization is most closely associated with which of the following? a. sedentary lifestyle b. predators, but not prey c. concentration of sensory structures at the anterior end d. a sessile existence e. a backbone

c. concentration of sensory structures at the anterior end

Which of the following is the selective barrier of a root that determines which substances pass between the cortex and vascular tissue? a. cuticle b. pith c. endodermis d. epidermis e. xylem

c. endodermis

Which of the following is the protective cell layer covering leaves, young stems, and young roots? a. phloem b. endodermis c. epidermis d. root hairs e. xylem

c. epidermis

What is the main force by which most of the water within xylem vessels moves toward the top of a tree? a. active transport of ions into the stele b. osmosis in the root c. evaporation of water through stoma d. the force of root pressure e. atmospheric pressure on roots

c. evaporation of water through stoma

The last common ancestor of all animals was probably a a. multicellular fungus. b. unicellular chytrid. c. flagellated protist. d. unicellular yeast. e. plant.

c. flagellated protist.

What distinguishes a coelomate animal from a pseudocoelomate animal is that coelomates a. have a gut that lacks suspension within the body cavity, whereas pseudocoelomates have mesenteries that hold the digestive system in place. b. have a body cavity, whereas pseudocoelomates have a solid body. c. have a body cavity completely lined by mesodermal tissue, whereas pseudocoelomates do not. d. have a complete digestive system with mouth and anus, whereas pseudocoelomates have a digestive tract with only one opening. e. contain tissues derived from mesoderm, whereas pseudocoelomates have no such tissue.

c. have a body cavity completely lined by mesodermal tissue, whereas pseudocoelomates do not.

A characteristic of arthropods that has allowed for their great success is the presence of ______. a. a brain b. an endoskeleton c. highly specialized segments d. bilateral symmetry e. a coelom

c. highly specialized segments

The mobile stage of the cnidarian life cycle is the ______ stage. a. tadpole b. radula c. medusa d. polyp e. instar

c. medusa

While sampling marine plankton in a lab, a student encounters large numbers of fertilized eggs. The student rears some of the eggs in the laboratory for further study and finds that the blastopore becomes the mouth. The embryo develops into a trochophore larva and eventually has a true coelom. These eggs probably belonged to a(n) a. arthropod. b. chordate. c. mollusc. d. nematode. e. echinoderm.

c. mollusc.

Which of the following are the most abundant cell type found in most plants? a. collenchyma cells b. sclerenchyma cells c. parenchyma cells d. water-conducting cells e. food-conducting cells

c. parenchyma cells

What do all craniates have that earlier chordates did not have? a. bone b. vertebrae c. partial or complete skull d. brain e. cartilaginous pipe surrounding notochord

c. partial or complete skull

What do craniates have that earlier chordates did not have? a. brain b. post-anal tail c. partial or complete skull d. vertebrae e. bone

c. partial or complete skull

Which of the following describes sugar movement within the plant body? a. bulk-flow mechanism b. sink-to-source mechanism c. pressure-flow mechanism d. transpirational-pull mechanism e. sugar-flow mechanism

c. pressure-flow mechanism

Which distinction is given more emphasis by the morphological phylogeny than by the molecular phylogeny? a. true coelom and pseudocoelom b. metazoan and eumetazoan c. protostome and deuterostome d. molting and lack of molting e. radial and bilateral

c. protostome and deuterostome

According to the pressure flow hypothesis of phloem transport, a. the formation of starch from sugar in the sink increases the osmotic concentration. b. the pressure in the phloem of a root is normally greater than the pressure in the phloem of a leaf. c. solute moves from a high concentration in the source to a lower concentration in the sink. d. water is actively transported into the source region of the phloem to create the turgor pressure needed. e. the combination of a high turgor pressure in the source and transpiration water loss from the sink moves solutes through phloem conduits.

c. solute moves from a high concentration in the source to a lower concentration in the sink.

CO2 enters the inner spaces of the leaf through the a. walls of guard cells. b.epidermal trichomes. c. stoma. d. cuticle. e. phloem.

c. stoma.

Which of the following do guard cells act to regulate? a. cuticle b. root hairs c. stomata d. mesophyll e. epidermis

c. stomata

Chordate pharyngeal slits appear to have functioned first as a. components of the jaw. b. portions of the inner ear. c. suspension-feeding devices. d. the digestive system's opening. e. gill slits for respiration.

c. suspension-feeding devices.

Which of these characteristics added most to vertebrate success in relatively dry environments? a. the ability to maintain a constant body temperature b. a four-chambered heart c. the amniotic egg d. claws e. two pairs of appendages

c. the amniotic egg

What drives the flow of water through the xylem? a. active transport by sieve-tube elements b. the number of companion cells in the phloem c. the evaporation of water from the leaves d. passive transport by the endodermis e. active transport by tracheid and vessel elements

c. the evaporation of water from the leaves

Features unique to mammals include ______. a. the absence of flying forms b. extended parental care of the young c. the presence of hair d. being endotherms e. having no egg-laying members

c. the presence of hair

The most ancient branch point in animal phylogeny is that between having a. a body cavity or no body cavity. b. diploblastic or triploblastic embryos. c. true tissues or no tissues. d. radial or bilateral symmetry. e. a well-defined head or no head.

c. true tissues or no tissues.

Which of the following is a stem modification for storage? a. runner b. cladophyll c. tuber d.petiole e. rhizome

c. tuber

Among the invertebrate phyla, phylum Arthropoda is unique in possessing members that have a. open circulation. b. segmented bodies. c. wings. d. a cuticle. e. a ventral nerve cord.

c. wings.

During chordate evolution, what is the sequence (from earliest to most recent) in which the following structures arose? 1. amniotic egg 2. paired fins 3. jaws 4. swim bladder 5. four-chambered heart a. 2, 1, 4, 3, 5 b. 3, 2, 4, 1, 5 c. 2, 4, 3, 1, 5 d. 2, 3, 4, 1, 5 e. 3, 2, 1, 4, 5

d. 2, 3, 4, 1, 5

What is the correct sequence of the following four events during an animal's development? 1. gastrulation 2. metamorphosis 3. fertilization 4. cleavage a. 4 → 3 → 2 → 1 b. 4 → 3 → 1 → 2 c. 3 → 4 → 2 → 1 d. 3 → 4 → 1 → 2 e. 3 → 2 → 4 → 1

d. 3 → 4 → 1 → 2

Where did humans first appear? a. Asia b. South America c. Australia d. Africa e. Europe

d. Africa

Almost all of the major animal body plans seen today appeared in the fossil record over 500 million years ago at the beginning of the a. Carboniferous period. b. Ediacaran period. c. Cretaceous period. d. Cambrian period. e. Permian period.

d. Cambrian period.

Protostomes with a mantle that may secrete a shell are part of which phylum? a. Echinodermata b. Annelida c. Arthropoda d. Mollusca e. Cnidaria

d. Mollusca

Which of the following is a correct statement about sugar movement in phloem? a. Diffusion can account for the observed rates of transport. b. Sugar transport does not require energy. c. Only xylem cells can perform sugar movement. d. Movement can occur both upward and downward in the plant. e. Sugar is translocated from sinks to sources.

d. Movement can occur both upward and downward in the plant.

Which of the following combinations of phylum and description is incorrect? a. Echinodermata-bilateral symmetry as a larva, coelom present b. Platyhelminthes-flatworms, gastrovascular cavity, acoelomate c. Nematoda-roundworms, pseudocoelomate d. Porifera-gastrovascular cavity, coelom present e. Cnidaria-radial symmetry, polyp and medusa body forms

d. Porifera-gastrovascular cavity, coelom present

What should be true of fossils of the earliest tetrapods? a. They should be transitional forms with the fossils of chondrichthyans that lived at the same time. b. They should feature the earliest indications of the appearance of jaws. c. They should show evidence of having produced shelled eggs. d. They should indicate limited adaptation to life on land. e. They should show evidence of internal fertilization.

d. They should indicate limited adaptation to life on land.

The ray-finned fishes are characterized by a. a cartilaginous endoskeleton. b. teeth that are replaced regularly. c. a lateral line system and ears with three semicircular canals. d. a bony endoskeleton, operculum, and usually a swim bladder. e. an amniotic egg.

d. a bony endoskeleton, operculum, and usually a swim bladder.

Which characteristic is shared by both cnidarians and flatworms? a. cephalization b. radial symmetry c. cnidocytes d. a digestive system with a single opening e. dorsoventrally flattened bodies

d. a digestive system with a single opening

Which of the following constitute the shoot system of a plant? a. stems b. leaves c. flowers d. all of the above e. none of the above

d. all of the above

An animal that swims rapidly in search of prey that it captures using visual senses concentrated at its anterior end is likely to be a. eumetazoan and asymmetrical. b. diploblastic and radially symmetrical. c. heterotrophic and sessile. d. bilaterally symmetrical and cephalized. e. coelomate and a protostome.

d. bilaterally symmetrical and cephalized.

Which of the following are the only living animals that descended directly from dinosaurs? a. snakes b. lizards c. mammals d. birds e. crocodiles

d. birds

Which molluscan class includes organisms that are primarily suspension feeders and have two shells? a. arthropods b. gastropods c. cephalopods d. bivalves e. chitons

d. bivalves

Which anthropoids are most closely related to humans? a. gibbons b. orangutans c. Old World monkeys d. chimpanzees e. gorillas

d. chimpanzees

In which of these extant classes did jaws occur earliest? a. lampreys b. lungfishes c. ray-finned fishes d. chondrichthyans e. placoderms

d. chondrichthyans

Transpiration pulls water up a plant because of two mechanisms: _____ describes water molecules sticking together and _____ describes water molecules sticking to the walls of the xylem? a. adhesion...gravity b. gravity...cohesion c. adhesion...cohesion d. cohesion...adhesion e. cohesion...gravity

d. cohesion...adhesion

What is the single unique characteristic that distinguishes extant birds from other extant vertebrates? a. flight b. an amniotic egg c. a four-chambered heart d. feathers e. a hinged jaw

d. feathers

A trend first observed in the evolution of the earliest tetrapods was a. the appearance of jaws. b. the mineralization of the endoskeleton. c. the ability to move in a fishlike manner. d. feet with digits. e. the appearance of bony vertebrae.

d. feet with digits.

The last common ancestor of all animals was probably a a. unicellular chytrid. b. unicellular yeast. c. multicellular fungus. d. flagellated protist. e. multicellular algae.

d. flagellated protist.

Swim bladders ______. a. evolved into lungs b. are present in both bony and cartilaginous fishes c. are required for fish to exchange gases with the surrounding water d. help bony fish stay afloat e. are a component of the lateral line system

d. help bony fish stay afloat

Water potential is generally most negative in which of the following parts of a plant? a. xylem vessels in leaves b. xylem vessels in roots c. cells of the root cortex d. mesophyll cells of the leaf e. root hairs

d. mesophyll cells of the leaf

Which of the following is (are) unique to animals? a. cells that have mitochondria b. the structural carbohydrate, chitin c. heterotrophy d. nervous conduction and muscular movement e. Two of these responses are correct.

d. nervous conduction and muscular movement

Which of the following are relatively unspecialized cells that retain the ability to divide and perform most of the plant's metabolic functions of synthesis and storage? a. collenchyma cells b. sieve-tube elements c. tracheids and vessel elements d. parenchyma cells e. sclerenchyma cells

d. parenchyma cells

Which of the following best describes the function of typical leaves? a. water uptake b. shade c. storage of the sugars produced d. photosynthesis e. anchoring

d. photosynthesis

Which of the following are the epidermal cell projections found on roots that increase the surface area? a. nodes b. mesophyll c. cotyledons d. root hairs e. internodes

d. root hairs

Which of the following have rigid cell walls that support plants like steel beams and are usually found in older parts of the plant? a. water-conducting cells b. parenchyma cells c. collenchyma cells d. sclerenchyma cells e. food-conducting cells

d. sclerenchyma cells

Which structure is incorrectly paired with its tissue system? a. tracheidvascular tissue b. root hairdermal tissue c. stomatadermal tissue d. sclerenchyma cellvascular tissue e. parenchymaground tissue

d. sclerenchyma cellvascular tissue

You are trying to identify an organism. It is an animal, but it does not have nerve or muscle tissue. It is neither diploblastic nor triploblastic. It is probably a a. nematode. b. jelly. c. flatworm. d. sponge. e. comb jelly.

d. sponge.

The feature present in reptiles and absent in amphibians that freed reptiles from dependence on water for reproduction is ______. a. the lateral line system b. waterproof skin c. parental care of eggs d. the amniotic egg with a shell e. metamorphosis

d. the amniotic egg with a shell

Which of the following are the water-conducting cells of xylem, have thick walls, and are dead at functional maturity? a. parenchyma cells b. sieve-tube elements c. collenchyma cells d. tracheids and vessel elements e. sclerenchyma cells

d. tracheids and vessel elements

An adult animal that possesses bilateral symmetry is most certainly also a. aterm-11 deuterostome. b. the product of metamorphosis. c. highly cephalized. d. triploblastic. e. eucoelomate.

d. triploblastic.

Nematode worms and annelid worms share which of the following features? a. absence of species with parasitic lifestyles b. ecdysis c. presence of segmentation d. use of fluid in the body cavity as a hydrostatic skeleton e. presence of a circulatory system

d. use of fluid in the body cavity as a hydrostatic skeleton

During chordate evolution, what is the sequence (from earliest to most recent) in which the following structures arose? 1. amniotic egg 2. paired fins 3. jaws 4. swim bladder 5. four-chambered heart a. 3, 2, 4, 1, 5 b. 3, 2, 1, 4, 5 c. 2, 4, 3, 1, 5 d. 2, 1, 4, 3, 5 e. 2, 3, 4, 1, 5

e. 2, 3, 4, 1, 5

Arrange the following five events in an order that explains the mass flow of materials in the phloem. 1. Water diffuses into the sieve tubes. 2. Leaf cells produce sugar by photosynthesis. 3. Solutes are actively transported into sieve tubes. 4. Sugar is transported from cell to cell in the leaf. 5. Sugar moves down the stem. a. 2, 1, 4, 3, 5 b. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 c. 4, 2, 1, 3, 5 d. 2, 4, 1, 3, 5 e. 2, 4, 3, 1, 5

e. 2, 4, 3, 1, 5

Which of the following statements concerning animal taxonomy is (are) true? 1. Animals are more closely related to plants than to fungi. 2. All animal clades based on body plan have been found to be incorrect. 3. Kingdom Animalia is monophyletic. 4. Only animals reproduce by sexual means. 5. Animals are thought to have evolved from flagellated protists similar to modern choanoflagellates. a. 3, 4, 5 b. 5 c. 2, 4 d. 1, 3 e. 3, 5

e. 3, 5

Which of these species demonstrates symbolic thought, art, and full-blown language? a. H. habilis b. H. ergaster c. H. heidelbergensis d. H. erectus e. H. sapiens

e. H. sapiens

Which of these are amniotes? a. egg-laying mammals b. placental mammals c. fishes d. amphibians e. More than one of these is correct.

e. More than one of these is correct.

Which of the following best describes the mechanism that causes stomata to open? a. A hinged flap covering the stoma is triggered to open when the plant needs air. b. Water accumulates below the opening and eventually forces the stoma open. c. The internal pressure of xylem sap expands the leaf, stretching the stoma open. d. A large bubble of oxygen accumulates below the stoma and eventually forces it open. e. Two guard cells flanking each stoma control its opening by changing shape.

e. Two guard cells flanking each stoma control its opening by changing shape.

Transpiration in plants requires all of the following except a. cohesion between water molecules. b. adhesion of water molecules to cellulose. c. evaporation of water molecules. d. transport through tracheids. e. active transport through xylem cells.

e. active transport through xylem cells.

Which vertebrate group below is terrestrial, may use skin as a respiratory surface, and requires water for reproduction? a. chondrichthyans b. mammals c. birds d. nonbird reptiles e. amphibians

e. amphibians

Having a true coelom distinguishes ______ from ______. a. chordates . . . echinoderms b. chordates . . . annelids c. cnidarians . . . sponges d. flatworms . . . annelids e. annelids . . . roundworms

e. annelids . . . roundworms

Which of the following are the only extant animals that descended directly from dinosaurs? a. snakes b. lizards c. tuataras d. crocodiles e. birds

e. birds

Both animals and fungi are heterotrophic. What distinguishes animal heterotrophy from fungal heterotrophy is that only animals derive their nutrition a. by consuming living, rather than dead, prey. b. from organic matter. c. by using enzymes to digest their food. d. by preying on animals. e. by ingesting it.

e. by ingesting it.

What name is given to the food-trapping cells of sponges? a. phagocytes b. cnidocytes c. amoebocytes d. flame cells e. choanocytes

e. choanocytes

Jaws first occurred in which extant group of fishes? a. lungfishes b. ray-finned fishes c. placoderms d. lampreys e. chondrichthyans

e. chondrichthyans

Movement of phloem sap from a source to a sink a. occurs through the apoplast of sieve-tube elements. b. depends on pumping water into sieve tubes at the source. c. results mainly from diffusion. d. depends on tension, or negative pressure potential. e. depends ultimately on the activity of proton pumps.

e. depends ultimately on the activity of proton pumps.

Which of the following characteristics generally applies to protostome development? a. archenteron absent b. radial cleavage c. blastopore becomes the anus d. diploblastic embryo e. determinate cleavage

e. determinate cleavage

Humans are chordates. Which animal group is most closely related to chordates? a. annelids b. molluscs c. arthropods d. cnidarians e. echinoderms

e. echinoderms