Chapter 4

Of the NREM sleep stages, stage ___ is the shortest; stage ___, the longest. 1; 2 2; 1 1; 4 4; 1

1; 2

Which of the following figures most closely approximates the percentage of high school seniors who have tried an illegal drug during the past year? 25% 60% 15% 40%

40%

Which figure best approximates the proportion of college students who have had an alcoholic drink within the past month? 35% 50% 75% 90%

75%

How long is a typical sleep cycle, in which a sleeper progresses through some or all of the sleep stages? 2 hours 90 minutes 1 hour several hours

90 minutes

_________ is the most widely used depressant in the United States. Xanax Valium Marijuana Alcohol

Alcohol

According to your text, why do many people use drugs? Drug use by role models. Peer pressure. The thrill of trying something new. All of these

All of these

Which of the following body processes exemplify circadian rhythms? blood pressure body temperature All of these sleeping and waking

All of these

Which of the following signs suggest that you may be sleep deprived? All of these You feel weary and irritable. You have difficulty thinking logically. You find it difficult to concentrate on this question.

All of these

Your text suggests that meditation may help people improve their physical health. become more relaxed. All of these gain psychological insight.

All of these

How do psychoactive drugs influence the action of neurotransmitters? They can delay the reuptake of neurotransmitters. They can mimic the effects of neurotransmitters. They can enhance the release of neurotransmitters. Any of these

Any of these

In meditation, the focus of attention may be a picture. Any of these word. part of the body.

Any of these

Based on your text's discussion, which of the following best expresses the relationship between depressants and barbiturates? They are the same thing. Barbiturates are as subset of depressants. Depressants are a subset of barbiturates. They are completely separate classes of drugs.

Barbiturates are as subset of depressants.

Consequences of long-term marijuana use include which of the following? a decline in testosterone production Both of these an impairment of immune system functioning

Both of these

Which of the following statements best encapsulates your text's argument with respect to potential cultural influences on the experience of waking consciousness? We would expect dramatic differences between cultures in the experience of waking consciousness. There are probably no cross-cultural differences in the experience of waking consciousness. Cultural influences on the experience of waking consciousness may be less dramatic than one might expect. Cultural influences on the experience of waking consciousness may be larger than one might expect.

Cultural influences on the experience of waking consciousness may be larger than one might expect.

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding dreams in REM sleep on the one hand and dreams in NREM sleep on the other? Dreams occur in NREM sleep, but less frequently than in REM sleep; NREM dreams are also less vivid than are dreams in REM sleep. Dreams occur only in REM sleep. Dreams occur in NREM sleep but less frequently than in REM sleep; however, NREM dreams are more vivid than are dreams in REM sleep. Dreams are equally likely to occur in REM and NREM sleep.

Dreams occur in NREM sleep, but less frequently than in REM sleep; NREM dreams are also less vivid than are dreams in REM sleep.

Which of the following psychologists is CORRECTLY matched with a theory of the function of dreams? Hobson—wish-fulfillment theory Freud—unconscious wish-fulfillment theory Freud—activation-synthesis theory Hobson—dreams-for-survival theory

Freud—unconscious wish-fulfillment theory

Imagine a graph displaying the function relating age in years to the mean number of hours of sleep per night. How would the function look? It would be a negatively sloped line. It would be a positively sloped line. It would be an inverted-U-shaped line. It would be a U-shaped line.

It would be a negatively sloped line.

Alcoholism: nature or nurture? Nature: specific genetic mechanisms have been isolated. Nature and nurture: it's a complex interaction. Nurture: it's mostly the drinker's early home environment. Nurture: it's the widespread availability of alcohol that's to blame.

Nature and nurture: it's a complex interaction.

Keisha's new baby is scrunching her face, breathing irregularly, making little sounds, and moving her eyes rapidly back and forth under closed eyelids. Keisha asks you if this means that her baby is waking up. Based on what you know about the stages of sleep, your BEST answer would be Yes, the baby seems to be coming out of Stage 1 sleep. No, the baby appears to be in REM sleep. No, the baby is showing signs of Stage 4 sleep. Yes, it appears that the baby has been awake for several minutes.

No, the baby appears to be in REM sleep.

Sleepwalking is most likely to occur in Stage 1. Stage 2. REM. Stage 4.

Stage 4.

Sleepwalking is most likely to occur in Stage 4. Stage 2. Stage 1. REM.

Stage 4.

Which of the following is not a characteristic of REM sleep? Heartbeat is fast and irregular during REM sleep. The activity of skeletal muscles increases during REM sleep. Vivid dreams occur during REM sleep. Brain activity is intense during REM sleep.

The activity of skeletal muscles increases during REM sleep.

Which of the following is FALSE about sleep apnea? Some people may wake as much as 500 times during a night. It is characterized by difficulty breathing during sleep. The person may suddenly fall asleep during daily activities. It may play a role in Sudden Infant Death Syndrome.

The person may suddenly fall asleep during daily activities.

In general terms, how do brain waves change as a sleeper progresses from stage 1 sleep to stage 4 sleep? Both their frequency and their amplitude decrease. Both their frequency and their amplitude increase. Their frequency decreases and their amplitude increases. Their frequency increases and their amplitude decreases.

Their frequency decreases and their amplitude increases.

In general terms, how do brain waves change as a sleeper progresses from stage 1 sleep to stage 4 sleep? Both their frequency and their amplitude increase. Both their frequency and their amplitude decrease. Their frequency increases and their amplitude decreases. Their frequency decreases and their amplitude increases.

Their frequency decreases and their amplitude increases.

Which of the following statements most accurately describes the effect of caffeine and the other stimulants on the nervous system? They increase central nervous system activity. They increase parasympathetic nervous system activity. They decrease central nervous system activity. They decrease sympathetic nervous system activity.

They increase central nervous system activity.

Irv can't sleep, so he makes himself a cup of warm milk. Will this work? Yes. Milk contains tryptophan, which can cause sleep. Kind of. There'll probably be a placebo effect. No. Tell him to buy some sleeping pills from the drug store. Yes, but it will disrupt his sleep cycle.

Yes. Milk contains tryptophan, which can cause sleep

Four-year old DeMarcus falls asleep shortly after his 8:30 p.m. bedtime. At about 9:45 he suddenly sits up in bed screaming but cannot recall why he screamed. DeMarcus is probably experiencing a narcoleptic attack. sleep apnea. a nightmare. a night terror.

a night terror.

Joanne believes that the drug she just took will make her more lively and outgoing at the party she is attending, but the drug is actually slowing her system down and may impair her thinking. Which drug has Joanne most likely taken? heroin nicotine caffeine alcohol

alcohol

A mental state other than an ordinary waking state is alertness. an altered state of consciousness. selective attention. a state of mental awareness.

an altered state of consciousness.

Hilgard's division of consciousness theory of hypnosis involves both following the suggestions of the hypnotist and also accessing once forgotten memories experiencing ecstatic emotions being a hidden observer pretending to be hypnotized

being a hidden observer

Circadian rhythms are physical and mental changes associated with the cycle of the moon. rhythmical processes in your brain. biological changes that occur on a 24-hour cycle. patterns that repeat themselves on a twice daily schedule.

biological changes that occur on a 24-hour cycle.

Of the theories of the function of dreaming mentioned in your text, the activation-synthesis theory is probably the most cognitive. biological. humanistic. psychodynamic.

biological.

Biological processes occurring on a cycle of approximately 24 hours are termed samba rhythms. biorhythms. diurnal rhythms. circadian rhythms.

circadian rhythms.

The neural mechanisms activated by nicotine are similar to those underlying the effects of LSD. marijuana. cocaine. alcohol.

cocaine

Psychologists refer to our ongoing experience of our selves, our thoughts and feelings, and our environment as intelligence. perception. consciousness. cognition.

consciousness.

Cocaine exerts its pleasurable effects in the brain by blocking the release of serotonin. delaying the reuptake of dopamine. facilitating the release of endorphins. mimicking the effects of dopamine.

delaying the reuptake of dopamine.

Dr. Gremillion argues that dreams function to rehearse and consolidate memories. Dr. Gremillion subscribes to the __________ theory of the function of dreams. unconscious wish-fulfillment activation-synthesis symbolic-meaning dreams-for-survival

dreams-for-survival

Dr. Destri argues that sleep functions to conserve energy during periods in which hunting and gathering would have been difficult and unproductive. Dr. Destri's views reflect the _________ perspective on sleep. humanistic evolutionary cognitive abilities psychodynamic

evolutionary

Binge drinking is defined as a male having ______ or more drinks in one sitting or a female having more than _____ drinks in one sitting. five; four four; five four; three six; five

five; four

Peripheral distortion or changes are called None of these illusions. hallucinations. delusions.

hallucinations.

Hypnosis can help you All of these relive experiences you had as a very small child. recall memories you've long forgotten. improve athletic performance.

improve athletic performance.

Thomas is sleeping right through the sounds of an ambulance and police car sirens right outside his window. It is most likely that Thomas is in REM sleep. in Stage 1 sleep. in Stage 2 sleep. in Stage 4 sleep.

in Stage 4 sleep.

The persistent inability to fall or stay asleep is a symptom of sleep apnea. narcolepsy. night terrors. insomnia.

insomnia.

The true, unconscious meaning of the dream is the __________ content of a dream. manifest latent repressed expressed

latent

Brett reports a dream about a stranger who robs him on the bus. According to Freud, this would be the __________ content of the dream. expressed repressed manifest latent

manifest

The most commonly used hallucinogen in the United States is cocaine. ecstasy. marijuana. LSD.

marijuana.

According to your text, _________ is currently the most dangerous street drug in the United States. crack cocaine heroin ecstasy methamphetamine

methamphetamine

Which of the following drugs is NOT a stimulant? morphine cocaine methamphetamine caffeine

morphine

Which figure below best approximates the proportion of people afflicted by insomnia? one-quarter one-third one-half one-fifth

one-third

LSD and Ecstasy influence the operation of the neurotransmitter ________ in the brain. serotonin acetylcholine norepinephrine endorphins

serotonin

Liz is in the first stage of sleep. Which of the following is NOT characteristic of her consciousness at this time? sleep spindles relatively rapid, low-amplitude brain waves it is the transition from wakefulness to sleep it lasts only a few minutes

sleep spindles

Brief periods of "spiky" brain wave patterns called sleep spindles are characteristic of ____ sleep. REM stage 4 stage 2 stage 1

stage 2

Night terrors occur during ______ sleep. REM stage 1 stage 4 stage 2

stage 4

Which of the following is NOT a recommended solution if one has trouble sleeping? taking sleeping pills avoiding caffeine exercising during the day drinking warm milk

taking sleeping pills

REM sleep is paradoxical because both the brain and the body are inactive. the brain is less active than it is during other sleep stages. the skeletal muscles remain active, but the brain is inactive. the brain is active, but the major skeletal muscles are paralyzed.

the brain is active, but the major skeletal muscles are paralyzed.

The method of dream interpretation that emphasizes the roles of manifest and latent dream content is unconscious wish fulfillment theory. activation-synthesis theory. latent content theory. dreams-for-survival theory.

unconscious wish fulfillment theory.

David was very angry with his boss and unconsciously wished him dead. That night, David dreamed that he pushed his boss off the roof. According to Freud, the latent content of David's dream would be __________, while the manifest content would be __________. unconscious angry feelings; conscious angry feelings unconsciously wishing his boss were dead; pushing him off the roof pushing him off the roof; unconsciously wishing his boss were dead pushing him off the roof; conscious angry feelings

unconsciously wishing his boss were dead; pushing him off the roof

Which of the following statements is most accurate regarding potential cross-cultural variation in the attempt to alter consciousness? The attempt to alter consciousness appears in some cultures but not in others; among those cultures in which it appears the means to alter consciousness vary dramatically. The attempt to alter consciousness appears to be universal, but the particular means to do so vary from culture to culture. The attempt to alter consciousness appears in some cultures but not in others; among those cultures in which it appears, though, the means to alter consciousness are much the same. The attempt to alter consciousness appears to be universal, as are the particular means to do so.

The attempt to alter consciousness appears to be universal, but the particular means to do so vary from culture to culture.

Which of the following statements accurately reflects a difference between waking consciousness and hypnosis? Many physiological differences distinguish the hypnotic state from waking consciousness. Memory of childhood events is much more accurate under hypnosis than in the waking state. The tendency to tell the truth is stronger under hypnosis than in the waking state. The difference between these two states is not clearly defined.

The difference between these two states is not clearly defined.

The stage of sleep that is marked by eye movements, dreaming, and paralysis of the muscles is called __________ sleep. paralytical REM transitional circadian

REM

Which of the following statements is true? Sexual arousal can occur during sleep without having a sexual dream. Some people never dream. Everyone needs eight hours of sleep a night. Dying in your dream can be fatal.

Sexual arousal can occur during sleep without having a sexual dream.