Chapter 4

A hallucination that happens just as a person is in the between-state of being in REM sleep and not-yet-fully-awake is:

a hypnopompic hallucination

According to the ____, a dream is merely another kind of thinking that occurs when people sleep.

activation-synthesis hypothesis

The ___ theory of sleep says that sleep is a product of evolution.

adaptive

After taking medication for his back, Todd's thoughts become fuzzy and disorganized. Todd is in a state of:

altered consciousness

Night terrors are experienced:

during deep non-REM sleep

Melatonin supplements are often used to treat

jet lag

If your psychoanalyst tells you that your emergence from a bathtub in your dream is symbolic of being born, she is talking about your dream's:

latent content

In studies in which volunteers spend several days without access to information about day or night, their sleep-wake cycles

lengthened

Smoking marijuana:

may cause cardiovascular disease in chronic users

As ____ accumulates in the body, a person will begin to feel sleepy

melatonin

Which of the following was actually used as an insecticide in the 1920's and 1930's?

nicotine

The body is at its lowest level of functioning during:

non-REM Stages 3 and 4

The social-cognitive theory of hypnosis assumes that people who are hypnotized are:

only playing a role

While many people take LSD in order to experience its hallucinogenic qualities, why can this become a dangerous activity?

real dangers and hazards may go unnoticed by a person who is "lost" in an LSD fantasy

One theory of dreaming says that the brain _____, or puts together, an explanation of the cortex's activation from memories and other stored information.

synthesizes

An example of a biological rhythm is:

the beat of the heart

In the early stages of sleep, ____ waves appear

theta

Is temperament stable throughout life or does it changes as we grow?

...

What are Erickson's stages of development through and what is the emotional crisis of each stage? Be able to identify the crisis if given an example.

...

What are the different parenting styles? What are the characteristics of the parents of each style and the consequences to the child of each style?

...

What is attachment? What are the four types of attachment? What are the characteristics of each attachment style?

...

What is perception? What is perceptual set or perceptual expectancy?

...

What is sensation? What are the senses? What is Weber's law of Just Noticeable Differences?

...

What is temperament? What are the three basic infant temperaments? If given an example, be able to identify which temperament is being described?

...

Erikson's Theory: Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

1 - 3 years Toddlers realize that they can direct their own behavior. direction autonomy

Erikson's Theory: Initiative vs. Guilt

3 - 5 years Pre-schoolers challenged to control behavior responsibility initiative

Erikson's Theory: Industry vs. Inferiority

5 - 12 years School-aged children have more opportunities to learn. new skills industry

Erikson's Theory: Identity vs. Role Confusion

Adolescence Choices among many values in life self confidence identity

Psychosocial Development: Attachment

Attachment: Bond between infant and caregiver Ainsworth's "Strange Situation" Attachment styles Secure infants Avoidant infants Ambivalent infants Disorganized-disoriented infants Harlow's monkeys

Erikson's Theory: Trust vs. Mistrust

Birth - 1 year Basic needs consistently or inconsistently met predictability trust

______ dependence is the most common in the United States after alcohol and nicotine.

Cannabis

Erikson's Theory: Intimacy vs. Isolation

Early adulthood Primary task is finding a mate committed relationship without losing self sharing intimacy

The real inquiry into the process of dreaming was begun by:

Freud

___ is made by scraping the resin from the leaves of the cannabis

Hashish

Which of the following is TRUE about the circadian rhythm?

It is a cycle that takes about a day to complete

Erikson's Theory: Ego Integrity vs. Despair

Late adulthood Wisdom, spirituality, tranquility wholeness of self acceptance integrity

Erikson's Theory: Generativity vs. Stagnation

Middle adulthood Creativity & productivity nurturing the next generation focus outward generativity

So-called supernatural visitations can be explained by hypnogogic hallucinations common during:

NREM Stage 1 sleep

Which of the following situations best demonstrates waking consciousness?

Orlando carefully calculates his taxes two weeks before taxes are due

_____ is a synthesized drug so dangerous it is useful only in veterinary medicine as a tranquilizer

PCP

Psychosocial Development: Temperament

Temperament: Behavioral characteristics established at birth Easy Difficult Slow to warm up

Eventually, everyone must sleep due to our:

biological rhythms

People under hypnosis

can be made to forget what happens during the hypnotic session

A sudden loss of muscle tone is called

cataplexy

John has tried every type of depressant drug he could find. Which of the following is a drug he hasn't tried yet?

cocaine

In a(n)______view, consciousness is generated by a set of action potentials in the communication among neurons just sufficient to produce awareness.

cognitive neuroscience

______ works to change the way people think about the stresses in their lives and react to those stressors, working

cognitive-behavioral interventional

For which of the following would hypnosis probably be most effective?

controlling pain

Driving and talking on a cell phone at the same time is an example of a state of:

divided consciousness

Insomnia can be helped by:

going to bed only when sleepy

Astor wanted to try marijuana to experience the effects of which of the following class of drugs?

hallucinogenics

According to researchers, men tend to:

have more physical aggression in their dreams than women

Sleep apnea has been shown to cause:

heart problems

Many researchers believe that reports of ghostly visions and alien abductions can be explained by _____ during the first stage of sleep

hypnogogic images

When under the influence of a stimulant, you are likely to be in a state of:

increased alertness

Jaleel was driving home at 7 o'clock in the morning after working a hard eight-hour shift. Along the drive, he would occasionally find himself drifting off into the oncoming lane, becoming alert just in time to avoid a head-on collision. It appears that Jaleel may have been experiencing____.

microsleeps

Some instances of automobile accidents may have been caused by the driver falling asleep at the wheel, even though (s)he was certain that they had not slept. Which of the following may explain why this happens?

microsleeps

When a person is slightly deprived, ____ tasks will suffer less than ____ tasks

more complex, simple

The____ of hypnosis suggests that people who are hypnotized are not in an altered state, but area playing the role expected of them in that situation

social-cognitive theory

Physical sensations, such as nausea or extreme pain, that occur when the body is trying to adjust to the absence of a drug are called:

withdrawl