Chapter 4

How has birth control changed social institutions and cultural values?

School children are now discussing topics such as abstinence. People now have smaller families.

Which of the following statements about Jared Diamond's research regarding the influence of geography on international marketing is true?

He claimed that new ideas moved more quickly from east to west than from north to south.

Which of the following is true of the similar-but-different aspect of culture?

It can lead people to think that cultures have more in common than they actually do.

Which statement is true of culture?

It exists in the mind of each person

The loss of various spoken languages is part of a general

decrease in cultural distinctiveness around the world.

Cultures that score high on the Individualism/Collectivism Index tend to

embrace an "I" mentality.

Which of the following statements regarding similarities among cultures is true?

Two cultures that speak the same language might interpret certain phrases or words in a very different way.

_____ refers to energy that supports life and travels through everyone's body and the environment, including the inside and outside of houses and places of employment.

ch'i

Which types of government competed globally throughout most of the 20th century?

colonialism, communism, fascism, democracy

Which of the following types of governance crumbled in the 1990s?

communism

A marketer who practices cultural _____ is offering products that are much like what is already being sold, and the new products are offered in a way that fits into the existing culture as much as possible.

congruence

Mastersource Inc., an electronics manufacturer, introduces products that resemble what is already present in the market in order to reduce cultural resistance. Mastersource Inc. is engaging in cultural

congruence

The Chinese practice of _____ refers to a connection between people and the universe to the energy that supports life and promotes balance and peace in a person's surroundings.

feng shui

When evaluating a situation, a Westerner is more likely to

focus on the central figures and not see much of the background.

Innovations most easily incorporated into a culture are those that

generate the most interest within society.

The emergence of cola brands such as Mecca Cola and Arab Cola in the Middle East in the 2000s is a reflection of which of the following?

historic events affecting culture

individualism

individuals are loose; everyone is expected to look after him- or her immediate family

Before the birth control pill became widely available, men and women spent more time dealing with

larger numbers of children.

In the context of thought processes, Asians

tend to see the entire picture rather than just the foreground when evaluating a situation.

culture

the human-made part of human environment-the sum total knowledge, beliefs, arts, morals, laws, customs, and any other capabilities and habits acquired, shared, and transmitted by humans as members of society

A culture is most likely to accept something new when _____. (Select all that apply.)

the innovation will not disrupt existing beliefs and behaviors very much people have some reason to be quite interested in the innovation

linguistic distance

the measure of difference between languages; and important factor in determining the amount of trade between nations.

social institutions

the methods and systems, including family, religion, school the media, government, and corporations, that affect the ways in which people relate to one another, teach acceptable behavior to succeeding generations, and govern themselves

cultural borrowing

the phenomenon by which societies learn from others cultures' ways and borrow ideas to solve problems or improve conditions

individualism/collectivism index

the preference for behavior that promotes one's self-interest.

A responsible effort to learn from the cultural ways of others in the quest for a solution to a society's problems is known as

cultural borrowing

Paying attention to the fine distinctions of culture so that it can be studied in an open-minded way, assessed, and admired is known as

cultural sensitivity

Which of the following statements about cultural change is true?

A marketer assessing a society should remember that cultures are constantly changing.

Which of the following is a feature of language?

Around the world, the number of spoken languages has been dwindling.

Which of the following statements about the origins of culture is true?

Historic events can affect technology, social institutions, culture, and behavior.

Which of the following statements regarding culture in international marketing is true?

The marketer's interaction with the local culture determines whether the marketing will fail or succeed.

Which of the following statements about rituals is true?

The most obvious rituals take place when people are experiencing turning points in their lives.

How do social institutions affect cultural values?

They influence people to live in peace together. They teach each new generation how to act in an acceptable way.

Cultural Values and Customer Behavior

Values can predict consumer behaviors as status consumption of luxury goods, brand-switching as a group, tendency to share based on time perceptions, consuming with immediate vs. long-term goals in and, word-of-mouth communications, impulsive buying, responses of both surprise and disgust, the propensity to complain, responses to service failures, movie preferences, and the influence of perceptions of product creativity.

Countries have been transitioning from agricultural to industrial to service economies. The result has been _______.

a drop in birthrates

planned change

a marketing strategy in which a company deliberately sets out to change those aspects of a foreign culture resistant to predetermined marketing goals.

cultural congruence

a marketing strategy in which products are marketed in a way similar to the marketing or products already in the market in a manner a congruent as possible with existing cultural norms.

In the context of international marketing, culture

affects the way consumer prioritize the things they desire and the things they need.

cultural sensitivity

an awareness of the nuances of culture so that a culture can be viewed objectively, evaluated, and appreciated; an important part of foreign marketing

Power Distance Indes

measures the tolerance of social inequity - power inequity between superiors and subordinates within a social system.

Uncertainty Avoidance Index

measures the tolerance of uncertainty and ambiguity among members of society.

aesthetics

philosophically, the creation and appreciation of beauty; collectively, the arts, including folklore, music, drama, and dance.

In what way is culture changing in most countries?

smaller families are now favored

Interpersonal relationships are strongly affected by _____ such as family, religion, schools, the media, government, and corporations.

social institutions

collectivism

societies in which people from birth onward are integrated into strong, cohesive groups, which throughout people's lifetimes continue to protect them in exchange for unquestioning loyalty

cultural values

the system of beliefs and customs held by a population in a given culture.

Cultures are always changing, and yet

they also resist change, which is one of their fundamental attributes.