Chapter 4: Body Basics

A liquid has a pH that is higher than the pH of pure water but lower than the pH of household ammonia. Based on this information, the liquid is a ________.

Baking Soda Solution

Digestion begins in the stomach. True or false?

False Digestion begins in the mouth.

A scientist wants to break down a carbohydrate called "maltose" into its component parts. To accomplish this task, she should ________.

Heat maltose until it decomposes

Discuss inflammatory bowel disease

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is the general name for a group of chronic diseases that cause inflammation and swelling in the intestines.

For several years, Corey has suffered from intermittent abdominal pain along with bouts of diarrhea and constipation. According to Corey, his "bad guts" worsen whenever he is "stressed out" or eats certain foods, especially raw fruit and baked beans. His doctor has determined that his intestinal tract is not inflamed. Based on this information, Corey probably has ________.

Irritable Bowel Syndrome

Muscular System

Muscles enable movement to occur, and they provide support and protection.

Nervous System

Nervous system cells (neurons) in the brain, spinal cord, and throughout the body transmit information and responses by electrical and chemical signals.

Jared often eats a large dinner about an hour before he lies down to sleep. Based on this information, he is likely to develop ________.

gastroesophageal reflux disease

Which of the following nutrients is made by gut microbiota?

Biotin

The back (rear) portion of your tongue is very sensitive to foods that taste ________.

Bitter

A substance has a pH that is higher than the pH of tomatoes and lower than the pH of blood. Based on this information, the substance is ________.

Black coffee

Colorectal cancer

Cancer that develops in either the colon or the rectum Second leading cause of cancer deaths among adults in the U.S.

Diarrhea

Frequent bowel movements with loose (watery) stools Causes: generally bacterial or viral infections of the intestinal tract Treatment: Replacing fluids, sodium, and potassium to prevent dehydration• It is wise to avoid eating solids until diarrhea resolves

Which of the following microbes is associated with the development of most stomach ulcers?

H. pylori

Bernetta has an autoimmune disease that affects salivary glands. As a result of this condition, Bernetta ________.

Has trouble swallowing

tissue

A group of similar cells that perform the same function.

element

A substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances

Enzyme

A type of protein that speeds up a chemical reaction in a living thing but is not altered during the process. Most enzymes are proteins.

Vomiting

Abdominal muscles contract, forcibly expelling toxic stomach and duodenal contents out of the body via the mouth. Causes: Ingestion of toxic substances, intense pain, head injury, motion sickness, pregnancy, and migraines Treatment: Avoid solid food until vomiting resolves; sip water or noncarbonated beverages (prevent dehydration).

Explain the difference between an acid and a base.

Acids: Substances that donate or lose H+ ions Bases: Substances that accept or remove H+ ions

Absorptive cells

Remove nutrients from chyme and transfer them into intestinal blood or lymph

Integumentary System (includes skin, hair, and nails.)

Skin is the largest organ of the body.

Salivary glands secrete amylase, an enzyme that enables a minor amount of ________ to be digested in the mouth.

Starch

cell

The basic unit of structure and function in living things

Cardiovascular System

The main function is to circulate blood throughout the body.

Lymphatic/Immune System

This system helps maintain fluid balance and defend the body against diseases.

Endocrine System

This system includes organs and tissues (including body fat) that produce hormones.

Bezoars can be stone-like structures that damage the human intestinal tract. True or false?

True Some bezoars are stone-like; large bezoars can damage the GI tract or block the intestines.

A vast number of bacteria normally live in the large intestine. True or false?

True The large intestine contains a vast number of bacteria.

The stomach produces gastric juice that contains hydrochloric acid. True or false?

True The stomach produces gastric juice that contains hydrochloric acid (HCl).

The bladder and kidneys are organs of the ________ system.

Urinary

Which of the following foods is a rich source of prebiotics?

Yogurt

Which of the following foods is considered to be a probiotic?

Yogurt with live and active cultures of Lactobacillus

ulcerative colitis

a chronic condition of unknown cause in which repeated episodes of inflammation in the rectum and large intestine cause ulcers and irritation

chemical bond

attraction that holds atoms together for a molecule

Liver

processes and stores many nutrients • Makes cholesterol and bile

Pancreas

produces and secretes bicarbonate ions and many digestive enzymes

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

the upward flow of acid from the stomach into the esophagus Symptoms: burning pain in the chest that usually occurs after eating and worsens when lying down. Treatment: Elevate head of bed, Dietary modification, and Weight loss

Esophagus

tube connecting pharynx to stomach • Food moves from back of the mouth, through the esophagus, to reach the stomach. • The mass of chewed and swallowed food is a bolus.

Skeletal System

• Bones provide support, movement, and protection • Bones also store certain minerals and produce red blood cells.

Which of the following statements is true? A)Matter is comprised of atoms. B)Protons are negatively charged particles that are in a cell's nucleus. C)Acids are substances that gain hydrogen ions, when they are dissolved in water. D)Electrons are positively charged particles.

A

Which of the following statements is true? A)Segmentation enables chyme to move through the esophagus. B)Foods that taste bitter are generally good energy sources because of their high carbohydrate contents. C)Older adults generally have fewer taste buds than children. D)The gallbladder makes bile and stores the compound in the liver.

A

organ

A collection of tissues that carry out a specialized function of the body

organ systems

A group of organs that work together in performing vital body functions.

Ion

An atom or group of atoms that has a positive or negative charge.

The atom is the smallest living unit in the body. True or false?

False The cell is the smallest living unit in the human body.

Villi

Fingerlike extensions of the intestinal mucosa that increase the surface area for absorption

Crohn's disease.

It causes inflammation of your digestive tract, which can lead to abdominal pain, severe diarrhea, fatigue, weight loss and malnutrition.

Respiratory System

Lungs enable the body to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Large Intestine

The last section of the digestive system, where water is absorbed from food and the remaining material is eliminated from the body Minimal nutrient absorption occurs here.

The lining of the small intestine is covered with ________, tiny, finger-like structures that absorb nutrients from food.

Villi

List the organ systems

• Digestive • Cardiovascular • Respiratory • Lymphatic/Immune • Urinary • Muscular • Skeletal • Nervous • Endocrine • Integumentary • Reproductive

Urinary System

• Kidneys filter unneeded substances from blood and help maintain proper fluid balance • The bladder stores urine until elimination.

A molecule forms when two or more atoms are attracted to each other and held together by ________.

Chemical Bond

Mouth

Digestion begins in the mouth with mechanical and chemical digestion. Mechanical digestion • Biting and grinding actions break and mash food into smaller pieces. Chemical digestion • Saliva mixes and lubricates food with the aid of mucus. • Salivary amylase and lipase (enzymes) begin breaking down starch and fat, respectively.

Small Intestine

Digestive organ where most chemical digestion and absorption of food takes place Most nutrients are digested and absorbed in the small intestine

An ________ is an ion that can conduct electricity.

Electrolyte

Peptic Ulcer

Open sore in the lining of the stomach or duodenum Symptoms: Deep, dull, upper abdominal pain approximately 2 hours after eating Treatment:• Antibiotics to eliminate Helicobacter pylori • Medication to reduce stomach acid production

An ________ is a body structure composed of tissues that have related functions.

Organ

Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)

Periodic disturbances of bowel function, such as diarrhea and/or constipation, usually associated with abdominal pain Treatment is individualized and may include:• Low-FODMAP diet (an elimination diet) Stress management, psychological counseling, and antidepressants may be helpful.

Small amounts of food move through the esophagus by involuntary muscular movements called ________.

Peristalsis

Discuss gut microbiota and its role in health.

The large intestine contains vast numbers of various types of microbes (mostly bacteria), which is called gut microbiota. Gut microbiota can: • metabolize (ferment) undigested food material; • make vitamins K, thiamin, and biotin that the body may absorb • produce intestinal gas.

Discuss the overall processes of nutrient digestion, absorption, and transport; and waste elimination.

Water-soluble nutrients enter the capillaries of villi and travel to the liver via the hepatic portal vein. Most fat-soluble nutrients form into chylomicrons, which enter lacteals (structures of the lymphatic/ immune system)

Stomach

large muscular sac that continues the mechanical and chemical digestion of food

Explain the role of enzymes in many chemical reactions.

molecule that catalyzes (speeds up) the rate of a chemical reaction but is not altered during the process

Gallbladder

stores bile that aids in fat digestion • Gallstones can form and cause considerable pain.