Chapter 4 Child Psych
Which of the following prescription drugs can function as teratogens?
-Antibiotics -Hormones -Acne medications
Which preconception behaviors would improve pregnancy outcome?
-Counseling to avoid smoking and alcohol abuse -Risk screening for sexually transmitted diseases -Updated vaccinations
What are ways a mother can infect her offspring with HIV/ AIDS
-During gestation across the placenta -During delivery -Postpartum through breast feeding
Exposure to cocaine during prenatal development has been linked to:
-Impaired language development -Cognitive deficits -Impaired motor development
Prenatal exposure to marijuana has been linked to:
-Increased risk of attention problems -Excessive crying and tremors at birth -Lowered birth weight -Birth defects -Learning problems later in life
What are some associations of malnutrition during pregnancy?
-Infant death -Schizophrenia -Low birth weight -Smaller head circumference
When a pregnant woman experiences stress, what can occur?
-Physiological changes occur that may affect the fetus -More difficult delivery may result -Premature delivery may result
During pregnancy, the placenta contributes to:
-Protect fetus against infection -Prepares mother's breast for lactation -Stimulates the contractions that will expel child from mother
What are some components of prenatal care?
-Social Services -Nutritional Services -Comprehensive Educational Services
The longer a father smokes during the mother's pregnancy, the stronger the risk that their child might develop:
-Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) -Cancer -Respiratory problems
What are some possible early indicators that a woman is pregnant?
-Swollen or irritated breasts or nipples -Increased fatigue or need for napping -Increase in appetite or cravings -Nausea with or without vomiting -Frequent urination -Mood swings -Faintness and dizziness
Specific hazards to the embryo or fetus include:
-Toxic waste -Radiation -Chemical pollutants
How many additional calories per day should a pregnant woman consume?
300-500 calories
__________ is a sexually transmitted infection that is caused by HIV, which destroys the body's immune system.
AIDS
A fluid-filled membrane that encases the developing embryo and helps protect it:
Amniotic sac
Principle that best explains why an infant's head is much larger than the rest of the body?
Cephalocaudal
FASD may occur in offspring whose mothers during pregnancy did what?
Drank alcohol heavily
The rate of cell differentiation intensifies, the support systems for cells form, and organs appear during which period?
Embryonic
What are the inner layer of cells, which will develop into the digestive and respiratory system?
Endoderm
Drinking one or two servings of beer or wine a few days a week during pregnancy does not cause negative effects to the fetus.
False
___________ is the period of development between conception and birth.
Gestation
Which of the five senses begins responding around the 26th week of gestation?
Hearing
The specialization of cells in the zygote begins after approximately which week following conception?
One
Which statement is true of Rubella or German measles and prenatal development?
Rubella has the greatest impact during the first trimester.
The embryonic stage
The period of pregnancy between 2 and 8 weeks
The fetal stage
The period of pregnancy from 8 weeks to birth
The germinal stage
The period of pregnancy from fertilization to 2 weeks
The impact of teratogens vary based upon ___________.
dose
During the pregnancy the mother should:
eat a healthy diet that provides adequate calories
The embryo's outermost layer, which will become the nervous system and brain, sensory receptors, and skin parts, is known as the:
ectoderm
A thickened cell mass from which the embryo begins to develop is called the ______________ disk.
embryonic
Mothers who ___________ during pregnancy have improved circulation and muscle tone, reduction in constipation, and a more comfortable pregnancy.
exercise
How can fathers contribute to possible risks in development?
exposure to toxins
One aspect of maternal nutrition that is important for normal prenatal development is the B-complex vitamin:
folic acid
Infant mortality rates are ____________ for African Americans than for whites.
higher
Approximately 6 days after conception, _____________ takes place.
implantation
The attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall is referred to as:
implantation
Long term consequences, such as emotional or cognitive problems, attention deficit hyperactivity, and language delay, affect offspring as a result of high:
maternal anxiety and stress during pregnancy.
The middle layer of the embryo, which will become the circulatory system, bones, and muscles, is called the:
mesoderm
A recent study found that prenatal exposure to drugs such as _____________ was associated with smaller head circumference, neonatal ICU admission, and a referral to child protective services.
methamphetamine
According to a recent study of caffeine, pregnant women who consumed at least two cups of coffee or five cans of soda a day had an increased risk of:
miscarriage
A molecule that is switched on after fertilization and begins sculpting arms, hands, fingers, vertebrae, ribs, brain, and other body parts is called a:
morphogen
An increase in the incidence of Down syndrome is linked to an increase in the age of the
mother
The ____________ develops in the uterus to allow oxygen, nourishment, and wastes to pass between mother and embryo.
placenta
Three periods, the germinal, embryonic, and fetal, represent the divisions of ___________ development.
prenatal
The ___________ principle describes development that proceeds from parts near the center of the body to the outer ones.
proximodistal
Prenatal care involves a defined schedule of visits for medical care, which includes ____________ for manageable conditions and treatable diseases.
screening
Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is more common among the offspring of mothers who _______________ during pregnancy.
smoked cigarettes
A _________ __________ is the natural expulsion from the uterus of an embryo that cannot survive outside the womb.
spontaneous abortion
A pregnancy that ends in the death of a fetus at or after the 20th week is called:
stillborn
In a study of newborn infants given a choice of stories to listen to, most infants seem to prefer:
stories they had been read to in the womb.
An increase of sucking by the fetus when sweet substances are introduced into the amniotic fluid suggests that the sense of __________ is present before birth.
taste
An environmental agent that can interfere with normal prenatal development is called a _______________.
teratogen
If a woman contracts ____________ from cat feces, she can have a child with brain damage an blindness.
toxoplasmosis
Mothers- to- be with diabetes should:
work closely with their medical provider to control blood sugar.
The fertilized egg is called the ____________.
zygote