Chapter 4 Child Psych

Which of the following prescription drugs can function as teratogens?

-Antibiotics -Hormones -Acne medications

Which preconception behaviors would improve pregnancy outcome?

-Counseling to avoid smoking and alcohol abuse -Risk screening for sexually transmitted diseases -Updated vaccinations

What are ways a mother can infect her offspring with HIV/ AIDS

-During gestation across the placenta -During delivery -Postpartum through breast feeding

Exposure to cocaine during prenatal development has been linked to:

-Impaired language development -Cognitive deficits -Impaired motor development

Prenatal exposure to marijuana has been linked to:

-Increased risk of attention problems -Excessive crying and tremors at birth -Lowered birth weight -Birth defects -Learning problems later in life

What are some associations of malnutrition during pregnancy?

-Infant death -Schizophrenia -Low birth weight -Smaller head circumference

When a pregnant woman experiences stress, what can occur?

-Physiological changes occur that may affect the fetus -More difficult delivery may result -Premature delivery may result

During pregnancy, the placenta contributes to:

-Protect fetus against infection -Prepares mother's breast for lactation -Stimulates the contractions that will expel child from mother

What are some components of prenatal care?

-Social Services -Nutritional Services -Comprehensive Educational Services

The longer a father smokes during the mother's pregnancy, the stronger the risk that their child might develop:

-Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) -Cancer -Respiratory problems

What are some possible early indicators that a woman is pregnant?

-Swollen or irritated breasts or nipples -Increased fatigue or need for napping -Increase in appetite or cravings -Nausea with or without vomiting -Frequent urination -Mood swings -Faintness and dizziness

Specific hazards to the embryo or fetus include:

-Toxic waste -Radiation -Chemical pollutants

How many additional calories per day should a pregnant woman consume?

300-500 calories

__________ is a sexually transmitted infection that is caused by HIV, which destroys the body's immune system.

AIDS

A fluid-filled membrane that encases the developing embryo and helps protect it:

Amniotic sac

Principle that best explains why an infant's head is much larger than the rest of the body?

Cephalocaudal

FASD may occur in offspring whose mothers during pregnancy did what?

Drank alcohol heavily

The rate of cell differentiation intensifies, the support systems for cells form, and organs appear during which period?

Embryonic

What are the inner layer of cells, which will develop into the digestive and respiratory system?

Endoderm

Drinking one or two servings of beer or wine a few days a week during pregnancy does not cause negative effects to the fetus.

False

___________ is the period of development between conception and birth.

Gestation

Which of the five senses begins responding around the 26th week of gestation?

Hearing

The specialization of cells in the zygote begins after approximately which week following conception?

One

Which statement is true of Rubella or German measles and prenatal development?

Rubella has the greatest impact during the first trimester.

The embryonic stage

The period of pregnancy between 2 and 8 weeks

The fetal stage

The period of pregnancy from 8 weeks to birth

The germinal stage

The period of pregnancy from fertilization to 2 weeks

The impact of teratogens vary based upon ___________.

dose

During the pregnancy the mother should:

eat a healthy diet that provides adequate calories

The embryo's outermost layer, which will become the nervous system and brain, sensory receptors, and skin parts, is known as the:

ectoderm

A thickened cell mass from which the embryo begins to develop is called the ______________ disk.

embryonic

Mothers who ___________ during pregnancy have improved circulation and muscle tone, reduction in constipation, and a more comfortable pregnancy.

exercise

How can fathers contribute to possible risks in development?

exposure to toxins

One aspect of maternal nutrition that is important for normal prenatal development is the B-complex vitamin:

folic acid

Infant mortality rates are ____________ for African Americans than for whites.

higher

Approximately 6 days after conception, _____________ takes place.

implantation

The attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall is referred to as:

implantation

Long term consequences, such as emotional or cognitive problems, attention deficit hyperactivity, and language delay, affect offspring as a result of high:

maternal anxiety and stress during pregnancy.

The middle layer of the embryo, which will become the circulatory system, bones, and muscles, is called the:

mesoderm

A recent study found that prenatal exposure to drugs such as _____________ was associated with smaller head circumference, neonatal ICU admission, and a referral to child protective services.

methamphetamine

According to a recent study of caffeine, pregnant women who consumed at least two cups of coffee or five cans of soda a day had an increased risk of:

miscarriage

A molecule that is switched on after fertilization and begins sculpting arms, hands, fingers, vertebrae, ribs, brain, and other body parts is called a:

morphogen

An increase in the incidence of Down syndrome is linked to an increase in the age of the

mother

The ____________ develops in the uterus to allow oxygen, nourishment, and wastes to pass between mother and embryo.

placenta

Three periods, the germinal, embryonic, and fetal, represent the divisions of ___________ development.

prenatal

The ___________ principle describes development that proceeds from parts near the center of the body to the outer ones.

proximodistal

Prenatal care involves a defined schedule of visits for medical care, which includes ____________ for manageable conditions and treatable diseases.

screening

Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is more common among the offspring of mothers who _______________ during pregnancy.

smoked cigarettes

A _________ __________ is the natural expulsion from the uterus of an embryo that cannot survive outside the womb.

spontaneous abortion

A pregnancy that ends in the death of a fetus at or after the 20th week is called:

stillborn

In a study of newborn infants given a choice of stories to listen to, most infants seem to prefer:

stories they had been read to in the womb.

An increase of sucking by the fetus when sweet substances are introduced into the amniotic fluid suggests that the sense of __________ is present before birth.

taste

An environmental agent that can interfere with normal prenatal development is called a _______________.

teratogen

If a woman contracts ____________ from cat feces, she can have a child with brain damage an blindness.

toxoplasmosis

Mothers- to- be with diabetes should:

work closely with their medical provider to control blood sugar.

The fertilized egg is called the ____________.

zygote