Chapter 4 - Downers, uppers downers, all arounders

Depressants

Alcohol, opiates, sedative-hypnotics are the three major classes of

Dependence

Concerning cross-tolerance of and cross-dependence on drugs: • As tissue dependence on a drug develops, the user can also develop ________ on other drugs in a different chemical family

Breathing and heart rate

Depressants decrease rate of

antihistamines muscle relaxants benzodiazepines

In addition to alcohol and opioids, other depressant drugs include: • Over the counter and look alike downers, including ________________ • Skeletal __________________ • Sedative-hypnotics, including ______________

Poppy seedpod

Morphine and codeine alkaloids are found in the sap of the _________________

Prescription opioids

Most heroin abusers began by abusing ________________, specifically

Significant clinical improvement

Of 1,033 new drugs approved by the FDA between 1989 and 2000 more than 50% showed no _______________________ over older and cheaper drugs already in use

dopamine

Regarding the activation of the dopaminergic reward/control system: Is activated by _________

Vicodin

Semi-synthetic/ synthetic opiate drugs with the trade pharmaceutical name listed after it: • Hydrocodone

OxyContin

Semi-synthetic/ synthetic opiate drugs with the trade pharmaceutical name listed after it: • Oxycodone

Percodan, Percocet

Semi-synthetic/ synthetic opiate drugs with the trade pharmaceutical name listed after it: • Oxycodone

10% to 70% 10% to 70%

The DEA estimates heroin purity at ___________. Therefore, the purity of heroin at the retail level varies from ______________.

Detoxification Correction Therapy Recovery Community

The combination of all four of these factors is considered the most successful means of sustained recovery for addiction to opiates 1. Physical ___________ 2. Psychological ___________ 3. Medication/ replacement ___________ 4. Participation in a ___________ ___________

Safer

The following factors contribute to the misuse, abuse, or overdose of sedative-hypnotic drugs: • Misperception that prescription medications are much _______ than street drugs

hydrocodone and oxycodone

The following factors have led to increases in drug experimentation, abuse, and addiction among US military personnel who served in Iraq and Afghanistan: 2. The availability of prescription opiates like _______________ and _________________

heroin

The following factors have led to increases in drug experimentation, abuse, and addiction among US military personnel who served in Iraq and Afghanistan: 3. The availability of __________

-traumatic stress

The following factors have led to increases in drug experimentation, abuse, and addiction among US military personnel who served in Iraq and Afghanistan: 4. Post______________

Alcohol

The oldest psychoactive drug in the world

Combination Magnifies

The synergistic effect of drugs refers to, the ___________ of two or more depressant drugs, which __________ their effect on the CNS

3 (injection, smoke, snorted/sniffed)

There are ____ ways to get heroin into your system

No limit

Therefore, there is almost ________ to the level of opioid tolerance a human can develop

Just a few days

Tolerance to opiates/ opioids develops rapidly, with users being able to tolerate great amounts within

respiratory depression, overdose, and death

Why is it dangerous to combine and opioid with a downer like alcohol, barbiturates, or benzos? Because the combination of depressants increases the potential for _________, ___________, and _____________

Muscular pain

Withdrawal from opiates produces symptoms that are the opposite of the drugs effects. Considering this fact, the following symptoms would be expected from opiates withdrawal: • Bone, joint, and ____________

Anxiety

Withdrawal from opiates produces symptoms that are the opposite of the drugs effects. Considering this fact, the following symptoms would be expected from opiates withdrawal: • Insomnia and _________

14 days or more

Withdrawal symptoms following detoxification and abstinence from long-acting opioids such as methadone can persist for ______________ after detoxification

Valium & Xanax

__________ & ___________ are the most widely prescribed sedative/hypnotic drugs today

Downers

____________ depress the overall functioning of the central nervous system, causing sedation, muscle relaxation, drowsiness, and, if used to excess, coma

Naloxone

_____________ is an opioid antagonist that may be used to prevent an opioid overdose

60%

_____________ of users of illegal prescription drugs get them from friends or relatives