Chapter 4 - Downers, uppers downers, all arounders
Depressants
Alcohol, opiates, sedative-hypnotics are the three major classes of
Dependence
Concerning cross-tolerance of and cross-dependence on drugs: • As tissue dependence on a drug develops, the user can also develop ________ on other drugs in a different chemical family
Breathing and heart rate
Depressants decrease rate of
antihistamines muscle relaxants benzodiazepines
In addition to alcohol and opioids, other depressant drugs include: • Over the counter and look alike downers, including ________________ • Skeletal __________________ • Sedative-hypnotics, including ______________
Poppy seedpod
Morphine and codeine alkaloids are found in the sap of the _________________
Prescription opioids
Most heroin abusers began by abusing ________________, specifically
Significant clinical improvement
Of 1,033 new drugs approved by the FDA between 1989 and 2000 more than 50% showed no _______________________ over older and cheaper drugs already in use
dopamine
Regarding the activation of the dopaminergic reward/control system: Is activated by _________
Vicodin
Semi-synthetic/ synthetic opiate drugs with the trade pharmaceutical name listed after it: • Hydrocodone
OxyContin
Semi-synthetic/ synthetic opiate drugs with the trade pharmaceutical name listed after it: • Oxycodone
Percodan, Percocet
Semi-synthetic/ synthetic opiate drugs with the trade pharmaceutical name listed after it: • Oxycodone
10% to 70% 10% to 70%
The DEA estimates heroin purity at ___________. Therefore, the purity of heroin at the retail level varies from ______________.
Detoxification Correction Therapy Recovery Community
The combination of all four of these factors is considered the most successful means of sustained recovery for addiction to opiates 1. Physical ___________ 2. Psychological ___________ 3. Medication/ replacement ___________ 4. Participation in a ___________ ___________
Safer
The following factors contribute to the misuse, abuse, or overdose of sedative-hypnotic drugs: • Misperception that prescription medications are much _______ than street drugs
hydrocodone and oxycodone
The following factors have led to increases in drug experimentation, abuse, and addiction among US military personnel who served in Iraq and Afghanistan: 2. The availability of prescription opiates like _______________ and _________________
heroin
The following factors have led to increases in drug experimentation, abuse, and addiction among US military personnel who served in Iraq and Afghanistan: 3. The availability of __________
-traumatic stress
The following factors have led to increases in drug experimentation, abuse, and addiction among US military personnel who served in Iraq and Afghanistan: 4. Post______________
Alcohol
The oldest psychoactive drug in the world
Combination Magnifies
The synergistic effect of drugs refers to, the ___________ of two or more depressant drugs, which __________ their effect on the CNS
3 (injection, smoke, snorted/sniffed)
There are ____ ways to get heroin into your system
No limit
Therefore, there is almost ________ to the level of opioid tolerance a human can develop
Just a few days
Tolerance to opiates/ opioids develops rapidly, with users being able to tolerate great amounts within
respiratory depression, overdose, and death
Why is it dangerous to combine and opioid with a downer like alcohol, barbiturates, or benzos? Because the combination of depressants increases the potential for _________, ___________, and _____________
Muscular pain
Withdrawal from opiates produces symptoms that are the opposite of the drugs effects. Considering this fact, the following symptoms would be expected from opiates withdrawal: • Bone, joint, and ____________
Anxiety
Withdrawal from opiates produces symptoms that are the opposite of the drugs effects. Considering this fact, the following symptoms would be expected from opiates withdrawal: • Insomnia and _________
14 days or more
Withdrawal symptoms following detoxification and abstinence from long-acting opioids such as methadone can persist for ______________ after detoxification
Valium & Xanax
__________ & ___________ are the most widely prescribed sedative/hypnotic drugs today
Downers
____________ depress the overall functioning of the central nervous system, causing sedation, muscle relaxation, drowsiness, and, if used to excess, coma
Naloxone
_____________ is an opioid antagonist that may be used to prevent an opioid overdose
60%
_____________ of users of illegal prescription drugs get them from friends or relatives