Chapter 4 - Energy and Cellular Metabolism
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 125) What are the five ways that cells regulate flow of molecules through their metabolic pathways?
: 1. by controlling the enzyme concentration 2. by producing modulators (allosteric and covalent) 3. by using two different enzymes to catalyze reversible reaction 4. by isolating enzymes within intracellular organelles (compartments) 5. by maintaining an optimum ratio of ATP to ADP Section Title: Metabolism Learning Outcome: 4.2
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 59) carbonic anhydrase
: A Section Title: Enzymes Learning Outcome: 4.2
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 50) Following post-translational modification, any misfolded protein will be destroyed by A) ubiquitin. B) chaperones. C) methylation. D) ribonucleases.
: A Section Title: Metabolism Learning Outcome: 4.6
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 122) Explain what a concentration gradient is and how it assists a cell in doing its work.
: A concentration gradient is a difference in concentration of a particular molecule between the cytosol of a cell and the interstitial fluid. A concentration gradient represents potential energy because of the tendency of molecules to diffuse from areas of high to areas of low concentration. Section Title: Energy in Biological Systems Learning Outcome: 4.1
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 71) The activity of metabolic pathways is influenced by the ratio of ________.
: ATP to ADP
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) In the reaction shown, identify the role of each of the participants. CO2 + H2O H2CO3 A. enzyme B. substrate(s) C. product(s) 58) CO2 + H2O
: B Section Title: Enzymes Learning Outcome: 4.2
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge)
: B Section Title: Metabolism Learning Outcome: 4.6
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 70) Glucose is phosphorylated to ________ with a phosphate from ________.
: glucose-6-phosphate, ATP Section Title: Metabolism Learning Outcome: 4.4
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 60) H2CO3
: C Section Title: Enzymes Learning Outcome: 4.2
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 55) kinase
: C transferase Section Title: Enzymes Learning Outcome: 4.3
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 124) Explain how the analogy of a ball and a hill is useful for describing the forms of energy to beginning physiology students. Use the synthesis of glucose by plants and the break down of glucose by humans as specific examples of the energy hill.
: Energy is required for a person to move a ball from a lower height to a higher one, and that the ball will automatically roll down the hill if allowed to, without further input of energy. The substrates CO2 and H2O require energy to be combined into C6H12O6; the energy of the sun provides this energy to "roll" the substrates up the energy hill as they combine. The glucose then contains the potential energy provided by the sun. When enzymes are present, the molecule easily breaks down to CO2 and H2O releasing energy that is used by the cell to perform work. Section Title: Enzymes Learning Outcome: 4.1
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 120) Explain how enzymes can be useful in the diagnosis of disease, giving specific examples. Is the change in enzyme concentration a direct or indirect result of the disease?
: Many enzymes are normally present in the blood in a particular range of concentrations. Alterations in these concentrations can be associated with abnormal conditions. For example, elevation in the digestive enzyme amylase, produced by the pancreas, may indicate pancreatic disease. Elevation of enzymes that normally operate inside cells can indicate tissue damage, such as the elevation of creatine kinase following myocardial infarction. Low amounts of hexosamidase A can indicate Tay-Sachs disease. In the examples given, the amylase and hexosamidase enzyme changes are direct results of the disease, whereas enzymes elevated because of tissue damage are the result of cellular damage and not a direct change in the enzyme itself. Section Title: Enzymes Learning Outcome: 4.2
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 73) ________ generated in the ________ enter the electron transport system to generate 2.5 ATP molecules.
: NADH, mitochondria
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 116) Briefly describe oxidation-reduction reactions. What does it mean for a molecule to be reduced or oxidized? Identify and explain the mnemonic device provided in the text for oxidation and reduction reactions. See if you can make one up yourself.
: Oxidation-reduction reactions occur when electrons are transferred from one molecule to another. The molecule that is oxidized in the reaction loses electrons while the reduced molecule gains electrons. OIL RIG (oxidation is loss, reduction is gain) is the mnemonic provided in the textbook. Section Title: Enzymes Learning Outcome: 4.3
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 68) ________ describes how much product is generated or substrate destroyed within a period of time.
: Reaction rate Section Title: Chemical Reactions Learning Outcome: 4.1
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 84) Genes that are always being expressed in a cell involve promoters that are ________.
: constitutively active Section Title: Metabolism Learning Outcome: 4.6
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 65) Metabolic intermediates use ________ bonds to transfer energy to the high-energy bonds of ATP, NADH, FADH2 or NADPH.
: covalent Section Title: Metabolism Learning Outcome: 4.2
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 63) Chemical reactions that require an input of energy are said to be ________.
: endergonic Section Title: Chemical Reactions Learning Outcome: 4.1
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 66) The rates of chemical reactions that occur in the human body are controlled by a particular type of proteins called ________.
: enzymes Section Title: Enzymes Learning Outcome: 4.2
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 64) Chemical reactions that release energy are said to be ________.
: exergonic Section Title: Chemical Reactions Learning Outcome: 4.1
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 75) The electron transport system is located in the ________ and includes enzymes and iron-containing proteins known as ________.
: inner mitochondrial membrane, cytochromes
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 67) A certain molecule that participates in more than one biochemical pathway and acts as a branch point for channeling substrate in one direction or another is called a ________.
: key intermediate Section Title: Metabolism Learning Outcome: 4.2
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 69) The availability of ________ determines if pyruvate continues into the citric acid cycle.
: oxygen Section Title: Metabolism Learning Outcome: 4.4
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 72) In the process of ________ a phosphate group is attached to a molecule.
: phosphorylation
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 61) A molecule positioned on the high-concentration side of a concentration gradient stores ________ energy.
: potential Section Title: Energy in Biological Systems Learning Outcome: 4.1
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 74) Energy released by electrons moving through the electron transport system is stored as ________ by H+ ions concentrated in the ________.
: potential energy, intermembrane space
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 62) A chemical reaction that can proceed in both directions is called a ________.
: reversible reaction
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 107) The protein in the mitochondria that captures the kinetic energy of moving H+ ions and converts it to the stored energy of ATP is called A) ATP synthase. B) lactate dehydrogenase. C) oxidative phosphorylase. D) glucokinase.
A) ATP synthase.
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 17) An allosteric modulator binds to A) a region of the enzyme other than the active site. B) the active site. C) the substrate. D) the product. E) the surrounding tissue.
A) a region of the enzyme other than the active site.
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 20) An enzyme that adds or subtracts water molecules is a A) hydrolase. B) lipase. C) transferase. D) ligase. E) kinase.
A) hydrolase.
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 44) Transcription occurs in the ________ of the cell. A) nucleus B) cytoplasm C) Golgi apparatus D) smooth endoplasmic reticulum E) plasma membrane
A) nucleus
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 38) An example of transamination is A) removing an amine group from one molecule and binding it to a different molecule. B) removing an amino group and putting it into the bloodstream for the kidneys to discard. C) removing a phosphate group from a molecule. D) finding a brand new sports car in your driveway with your name on it.
A) removing an amine group from one molecule and binding it to a different molecule.
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 41) The TAC sequence of DNA is the ________ of a coding sequence that is preceded by the ________ that regulates transcription. A) start, promoter region B) start, intron C) stop, promoter region D) stop, intron
A) start, promoter region
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 3) According to the second law of thermodynamics, A) the amount of entropy in living systems increases without the input of energy. B) entropy decreases in living systems that are not receiving energy. C) energy can be converted, but not be created nor destroyed. D) the total amount of energy in the universe never changes.
A) the amount of entropy in living systems increases without the input of energy.
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 34) What is the potential yield of ATP molecules for each FADH2 molecule entering the electron transport system? A) 1 B) 1.5 C) 2 D) 2.5 E) 3
B) 1.5
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 27) When energy is released during catabolism, it is temporarily trapped in high energy bonds or electrons of certain compounds. Which of the following is NOT associated with carrying energy? A) ATP B) DNA C) NADH D) FADH2 E) NADPH
B) DNA
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 45) The enzymes that synthesize mRNA from the start codon are called A) ribonucleases. B) RNA polymerases. C) DNA polymerases. D) ATP synthases. E) lactate dehydrogenases.
B) RNA polymerases.
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 35) Why is there a range of 30-32 ATP molecules produced from one glucose molecule? A) Sometimes the electron transport system is more efficient than other times. B) The NADH molecules produced during glycolysis are in the cytoplasm; occasionally, electrons are carried by the lower energy FADH2 instead of NADH. C) Individual variation is normal among cells. D) Any of these answers may work under different cellular conditions.
B) The NADH molecules produced during glycolysis are in the cytoplasm; occasionally, electrons are carried by the lower energy FADH2 instead of NADH.
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 49) In the absence of a signal sequence, a newly synthesized protein localizes to the A) mitochondria. B) cytoplasm. C) peroxisome. D) nucleus. E) plasma membrane.
B) cytoplasm.
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 42) All of the triplet codes needed to produce exactly one functional piece of RNA are found in one A) chromosome. B) gene. C) codon. D) anticodon. E) None of the answers are correct.
B) gene.
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 28) Compartmentation refers to A) pairing together isozymes that perform similar reactions. B) grouping related enzymes into specific organelles. C) separating substrates into chemical classes. D) dividing metabolic reactions into groups for better understanding.
B) grouping related enzymes into specific organelles.
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 22) A molecule that loses electrons during a reaction is A) reduced. B) oxidized. C) dehydrated. D) hydrated.
B) oxidized.
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 31) In the aerobic metabolism of glucose, ________ acts as the final electron acceptor. A) water B) oxygen C) carbon dioxide D) lactate E) ATP
B) oxygen
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Application) 102) Which of the following is a key intermediate of glucose catabolism to the citric acid cycle? A) ATP B) pyruvate C) oxygen D) lactate E) glucokinase
B) pyruvate
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 23) The active sites of enzymes are A) products of an enzymatic reaction. B) regions of an enzyme that are involved in bringing substrates together. C) bonds between the substrate and certain amino acids. D) not necessarily involved in a reaction.
B) regions of an enzyme that are involved in bringing substrates together.
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 16) A competitive inhibitor binds to A) a region of the enzyme other than the active site. B) the active site. C) the substrate. D) the product. E) the surrounding tissue.
B) the active site
Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach, 6e (Silverthorn) Chapter 4 Energy and Cellular Metabolism 1) Energy is defined as A) doing tasks that make you tired. B) the capacity to do work. C) the light and heat from the sun. D) using glucose to synthesize ATP.
B) the capacity to do work.
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 7) A reversible reaction is one where A) there are large changes in the net free energy from substrate to product. B) there are small changes in the net free energy from substrate to product. C) there is no change in the net free energy from substrate to product. D) a reaction between products is unlikely due to the high activation energy.
B) there are small changes in the net free energy from substrate to product.
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 39) The process of forming mRNA is called A) replication. B) transcription. C) translation. D) ribolation. E) protein synthesis.
B) transcription.
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 103) The net energy yield for the anaerobic metabolism of one glucose molecule is A) 2 ATP and 2 NADH. B) 0 ATP and 2 NADH. C) 2 ATP and 0 NADH. D) 2 ATP and 2 FADH2. E) 2 ATP, 6 NADH, and 2 FADH2.
C) 2 ATP and 0 NADH.
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 33) For each NADH molecule that moves through the electron transport system, what is the potential yield of ATP molecules? A) 1 B) 2 C) 2.5 D) 3.5 E) 4
C) 2.5
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 108) What happens to the oxygen that is metabolized within the mitochondria? A) The oxygen is converted to CO2. B) The oxygen is incorporated into organic molecules during cellular metabolism. C) The oxygen is combined with hydrogen to form water. D) The oxygen acts as a coenzyme in the production of ATP. E) The oxygen is converted to CO2 and is combined with hydrogen to form water.
C) The oxygen is combined with hydrogen to form water.
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 30) The reactions of glycolysis occur in the cell's ________; the reactions of the citric acid cycle occur in the ________. A) cytoplasm, cytoplasm B) mitochondria, mitochondria C) cytoplasm, mitochondria D) mitochondria, cytoplasm
C) cytoplasm, mitochondria
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 106) Oxidative phosphorylation occurs ________; the beneficial end product is ________. A) in the cytoplasm just inside the plasma membrane, H2O B) in the cytoplasm just inside the plasma membrane, ATP C) in the mitochondria due to the electron transport system, ATP D) in the mitochondria due to the electron transport system, CO2 E) twice during the citric acid cycle, ATP
C) in the mitochondria due to the electron transport system, ATP
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 46) To activate a regulated gene, the formation of mRNA is ________ by the binding of ________ to the promoter. A) repressed, transcription factors B) repressed, translation factors C) induced, transcription factors D) induced, translation factors
C) induced, transcription factors
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 12) The activity of an enzyme is changed by environmental factors such as temperature or pH; these factors are referred to as A) specificity. B) common bond. C) modulators. D) isozyme. E) product.
C) modulators.
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 43) Information stored in the nucleus is translated into A) carbohydrates. B) lipids. C) proteins. D) phospholipids. E) None of the answers are correct.
C) proteins.
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 104) Inside the matrix of the mitochondria, pyruvate A) is converted to acetyl CoA which requires energy from an NADH. B) gains a carbon in its conversion to acetyl CoA. C) requires the vitamin pantothenic acid for its conversion to acetyl CoA. D) is converted to lactate under anaerobic conditions.
C) requires the vitamin pantothenic acid for its conversion to acetyl CoA.
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 24) When an enzyme is working as fast as it can because its active site is continually refilled with substrate, the condition is referred to as A) allosteric modulation. B) equilibrium. C) saturation. D) the Ricardo-Mertz phenomenon. E) specificity.
C) saturation.
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 6) Activation energy is A) the energy lost or gained in a reaction. B) the energy required for an endergonic reaction. C) the energy required to bring molecules into a position where they can interact. D) required to convert an endergonic reaction to an exergonic reaction.
C) the energy required to bring molecules into a position where they can interact.
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 18) An enzyme that transfers chemical groups among substrates is a A) hydrolase. B) lipase. C) transferase. D) ligase. E) kinase.
C) transferase.
: Level II: Reviewing Concepts (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 105) NADH is produced from each reaction described except one. Identify the exception. A) during aerobic glycolysis B) during the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA C) during the citric acid cycle D) during anaerobic glycolysis
D) during anaerobic glycolysis
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 25) Which of these results in a REDUCED molecule? A) loss of phosphate B) gain of phosphate C) loss of electrons D) gain of electrons
D) gain of electrons
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 26) End-product inhibition describes the process whereby A) decreasing amounts of substrate reduce activity of the enzyme. B) decreasing amounts of product reduce activity of the enzyme. C) increasing amounts of substrate reduce activity of the enzyme. D) increasing amounts of product reduce activity of the enzyme. E) increasing amounts of product reduce activity of all enzymes in the vicinity.
D) increasing amounts of product reduce activity of the enzyme.
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 37) ATP synthase transfers the ________ energy of the H+ ions to the high-energy phosphate bond of ________. A) potential, NADH B) potential, ATP C) kinetic, NADH D) kinetic, ATP E) None of the answers are correct.
D) kinetic, ATP
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 19) An enzyme that joins two substrates using energy is a A) hydrolase. B) lipase. C) transferase. D) ligase. E) kinase.
D) ligase.
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 13) The addition of a phosphate group to a substrate is called ________. The enzyme that catalyzes this reaction is referred to as a ________. A) proteolysis; phosphatase B) phosphorylation; phosphatase C) proteolysis; kinase D) phosphorylation; kinase
D) phosphorylation; kinase
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 29) Aerobic metabolism of glucose A) requires oxygen. B) produces more ATP per glucose than anaerobic pathways. C) is the fastest way to produce glucose. D) requires oxygen and produces more ATP per glucose than anaerobic pathways.
D) requires oxygen and produces more ATP per glucose than anaerobic pathways.
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 5) The ________ of glycogen from many glucose molecules is an ________ reaction. A) decomposition, endergonic B) synthesis, exergonic C) decomposition, exergonic D) synthesis, endergonic
D) synthesis, endergonic
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 40) After forming a complex with the ribosome, mRNA interacts with a third molecule. This molecule is called A) DNA. B) an amino acid. C) rRNA. D) tRNA. E) rough ER.
D) tRNA.
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 32) The explanation for how ATP bonds are actually formed during oxidative phosphorylation is called A) the Krebs hypothesis. B) the second law of thermodynamics. C) the proton principle. D) the chemiosmotic theory. E) Murphy's law.
D) the chemiosmotic theory.
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension) 4) Chemical reactions in a living system function to A) only transfer energy from one molecule to another. B) create new energy. C) only use energy stored in a molecule. D) transfer energy from one molecule to another or use energy stored in a molecule.
D) transfer energy from one molecule to another or use energy stored in a molecule.
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 14) Phosphate groups may be transferred from one molecule to another during A) hydrolysis reactions only. B) addition reactions only. C) dehydration reactions only. D) exchange reactions only. E) addition and exchange reactions.
E) addition and exchange reactions.
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 15) When an enzyme's activity is destroyed by heat or a change in pH, the enzyme is said to be A) broken. B) toxic. C) conjugated. D) tertiary. E) denatured.
E) denatured.
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 36) Which can serve as substrates for ATP production? A) glucose only B) amino acids only C) fatty acids only D) glucose and fatty acids only E) glucose, amino acids and fatty acids
E) glucose, amino acids and fatty acids
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 21) An enzyme that transfers phosphates from ATP to a substrate molecule is a A) hydrolase. B) lipase. C) transferase. D) ligase. E) kinase.
E) kinase.
: Level I: Reviewing Facts and Terms (Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge) 2) The general term that describes energy stored in chemical bonds is A) thermodynamics. B) bioenergetics. C) entropy. D) kinetic energy. E) potential energy.
E) potential energy.