Chapter 4 Environmental Science (still in progress)
List characteristics of organisms in each of the domain and kingdoms
-Domain Archaea; unicellular, lack nuclei, usually have cell walls, harsh environments -Domain Bacteria; unicellular, lack nuclei, usually have cell walls, incredibly common -Kingdom Fungi; unicellular but most multicellular, have cell walls, have cell nuclei, no chlorophyll -Kingdom Protist; most unicellular but some multicellular, have nuclei, no cell walls, some can make their own food -Kingdom Plants; multicellular, have nuclei, have cell walls, make their own foodj -Kingdom Animals; multicellular, no cell walls, have nuclei ingest their food
List the five components that an ecosystem must contain to survive
-Energy -Mineral nutrients -Water -Oxygen -Living organisms
Choose any organism and describe its adaptions. Explain how each adaption might help it survive.
A chameleon's skin can change color. This can help the chameleons hide from their prey.
ecosystems
A community of organisms and their abiotic environment
species
A group of organisms that are closely related and can mate to produce fertile offspring
Explain the difference between a community and a population. Provide a specific example of each.
A population is made up of all the members of one species that live in the same place at the same time. A community is made up of all the populations living in the same place at the same time. A population is made up of one species, while a community is made up of many species. All the squirrels living in a forest are a population. The community is made up of all the squirrels, plants, other animals, and other organisms living in the forest.
Which of the following describes soil and temperature in an ecosystem? A. abiotic factors B. biotic factors C. unnecessary factors D. selection factors
Abiotic factors
Which of the following organisms does not belong with the rest? A. moss B. grass C. algae D. wild flower
Algae
Which of the following is part of an organisms habitat? A. shelter B. food C. water D. all the above
All the above
Some snakes produce a powerful venom that paralyzes their prey. This poison is an example of A. coevolution B. an adaptation C. a reptile D. a biotic factor
An adaptation
Imagine a population of small birds that feed only on snails. They use their hooked, needle-like beaks to pull snails from their shells. Explain how these birds might have evolved their specialized beaks.
Birds with more curved beaks were better able to extract snails from their shells, and this ability helped them produce more offspring than their straighter-beaked relatives. These off-spring inherited the curved beaks of their parents, and over time the entire species evolved curved beaks.
Which of these sentences does not describe part of the process of evolution by natural selection? A. the environment contains limited resources B. organisms produce more offspring than will survive to reproduce C. Communities include populations of several species D. Organisms in a population differ in their traits
Communities include populations of several species
some cause diseases such as athletes foot
Fungi
Your neighbor is bothered by insects and wants to spray his yard and garden with insecticide to get rid of them. Explain how you would convince your neighbor that this is not a good idea
Insects are a part of an ecosystem even if that ecosystem contains someone's home, yard, and garden. As a part of an ecosystem, insects can be linked to other organisms in a complex web that we might not be aware of. By removing insects, we may be harming other parts of the ecosystem. Also, insecticides kill beneficial insects as well as insect pests and can encourage the selection of insect pests that are resistant to insecticides.
More insects exist on Earth than any other type of animal. Describe the characteristics insects have that make them so successful.
Insects have a waterproof external skeleton, they move quickly, and they reproduce quickly. They also are small, can hide easily, and require little food. Many insects can fly
What would happen to organisms in the ocean if all the protists died? Explain
Most of the other organisms would also die because phytoplankton are protist that use the sun's energy to make food. Phytoplankton are the initial source of food in most ocean ecosystems, so if they died, other organisms would lose their food source
Predict what might happen to birds with beaks specialized for eating snail if the snail's habitat were destroyed? Explain your answer
The snails would die out or move to another habitat without their habitat, the birds would probably not survive because of no food source
angiosperm
a flowering plant that produces seeds within a fruit
population
a group of organisms of the same species that live in a specific geographical area
community
a group of various species that live in the same habitat and interact with each other
evolution
a heritable change in the characteristics within a population from one generation to the next; the development of new types of organisms from preexisting types of organisms over time
organsims
a living thing; anything that can carry out life processes independently
gymnosperm
a woody vascular seed plant whose seeds are not enclosed by an ovary or fruit
trait that increases an organism's chance of survival
adaptation
A desert ecosystem contains A. air B. living things C. sand D. all the above
all the above
Bacteria that are no longer killed by an antibiotic have A. evolved B. developed unwanted adaptions C. developed resistance to the antibiotic D. all the above
all the above
invertebrate
an animal that does not have a backbone
vertebrate
an animal that has a backbone; includes mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish
Angiosperms and animals depend upon each other. Using an apple tree and beehive as examples, explain how these organisms depend upon each other.
an apple tree depends on bees to pollinate its flower. The flowers must be pollinated for the flowers to make seeds and fruit. The bees depend on the nectar for food
biotic factor
an environmental factor that is associated with or results from the activities of living organisms
protist
an organism that belongs to the kingdom Protista
fungus
an organism whose cells have nuclei, rigid cell walls, and no chlorophyll and that belongs to the kingdom Fungi
The initial source of food in most ocean and freshwater ecosystems are _________
angiosperms
Some of these organsims have vertebrae
animals
process that causes the characteristics of a population to change in aways controlled by humans
artificial selection
E. coli is one of these
bacteria
Most bacteria, including the kinds that cause disease and those found in garden soil, belong to the kingdom __________
bacteria
Many angiosperms depend on animals for A. pollinating their flowers B. distributing their seeds C. providing food D. Both (a) and (b)
both (a) and (b)
abiotic factors
describes the non living part of the environment including water, rocks, light, and temprature
Change in the genetic characteristics in a population from one generation to the next
evolution
bacteria
extremely small, single-celled organisms that usually have a cell wall and that usually reproduce by cell division
Which of the following are vertebrates? A. clams B. frogs C. worms D. insects
frogs
Pine trees and other conifers are classified as _________ because they are woody plants, the seeds of which are not enclosed in fruits.
gymnosperms
The place that contains everything an organism needs is its A. community B. species C. habitat D. population
habitat
resistance
in biology, the ability of an organism to tolerate a chemical or disease-causing agent
Which invertebrates are generally small, allowing them to live on little food and to hide from enemies? A. insects B. bacteria C. protist D. mice
insects
Which of the following best describes a population? A. members of the same species living in the same time B. all the red birds in an area C. all types of organisms living in the same place D. all the members of the same species
members of the same species living in the same place at the same time
Which of the following are nonvascular plants? A. flowering plants B. algae C. mosses D. trees
mosses
process that causes the characteristics of a population to change without human control
natural selection
Natural selection is the unequal survival that results from the presence or absence of A. cell walls B. particular traits C. learned behaviors D. breeding
particular traits
these organisms are the source of most food humans eat
plants
archaea
prokaryotes (most of which are known to live in extreme environments) that are distinguished from other prokaryotes by differences in their genetics and in the makeup of their cell wall; members of the domain Archaea (singular, archaeon)
one species causes malaria
protists
If a insect is no longer killed by an insecticide, it has developed a(n) _________ to the chemical
resistance
Trait that may be unintentionally selected by humans
resistance
habitat
the place where an organism usually lives
natural selection
the process by which individuals that are adapted to their environment survive and reproduce more successfully than less well adapted individuals do
adaptation
the process of becoming adapted to an environment; an anatomical, physiological, or behavioral change that improves a populations ability to survive
artificial selection
the selective breeding of organisms (by humans) for specific desirable characteristics
Archaea and bacteria are A. two domains B. in the same kingdom C. in the protists kingdom D. in the fungi kingdom
two domains
Which of the following is an abiotic factor in an ecosystem? A. plants B. bacteria C. fungi D. water
water